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QP171  .At922  1899  Expenments  on  the  m 
Bulletin  No.  69. 


U.  S.  l)EJV\RT]C[i«OlWi*^0(Af^l"^fLTUR 


OFFICE    OF^;^P^|iIjM3J^Bf%SBrATIONS. 

A.    C.   TRUE,    Director. 


RECAP 


p:xperiments 


ON   THE 


METABOLISM  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY 
IN  THE  HUMAN  BODY. 


hx 


^^\  O.  ATWATER,  Pli.  ]>.,  AN©  P.  O.  BENEDICT,  Ph.  IK 

WITH   THE    CnOPERATION    *iV 

A.  W.  SMITH,  M.  8.,  AND  A.  P.  BRYANT,  M.  S. 


WASHINGTOX: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1809. 


CoUefie  of  ^fipgicians!  anJi  burgeons; 


Bulletin  No.  69. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

OFFICE    OF    EXPERIMENT    STATIONS. 

A.    C.   TRUE,    Director. 


302 


EXPERIMENTS 


ON   THE 


METABOLISM  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY 
IN  THE  HUMAN  BODY. 


BY 


W.  0.  ATWATER,  Ph.  1).,  AND  F.  G.  BENEDICT,  Ph.  D. 

WITH    THE    COOPERATION    OF 

A.  W.  SMITH,  M.  S.,  AND  A.  P.  BRYANT,  M.  S. 


washingto:n^: 

GOYERNMENT    PRINTINa    OFFICE. 

1899. 


LETTER  OE  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Office  of  Experiment  Stations, 

Washington,  D.  C,  July  7,  1899. 

Sir  :  I  liave  the  lionor  to  transmit  herewith  a  report  of  six  experi- 
ments on  the  metabolism  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  human  body  by 
W.  O.  Atwater,  special  agent  in  charge  of  nutrition  investigations, 
and  r.  G.  Benedict,  expert  assistant  in  the  investigations,  with  the 
cooperation  of  A.  W.  Smith  and  A.  P.  Bryant. 

These  experiments  form  a  part  of  a  series  which  are  in  progress  at 
Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn.,  and  were  made  with  the 
Atwater-Eosa  respiration  calorimeter  described  in  previous  bulletins  of 
this  Office  (44  and  63).  The  ulcimate  object  of  this  series  of  experiments 
is  a  study  of  the  fundamental  laws  of  nutrition.  A  necessary  prelimi- 
nary to  such  a  study  was  the  development  of  apparatus  and  methods 
for  the  accurate  measurement  of  the  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and 
energy.  As  the  experimental  data  obtained  show,  the  apparatus  and 
method  have  now  reached  a  degree  of  perfection  which  encourages  the 
hope  that  they  will  yield  results  of  the  highest  value  when  applied  to 
the  study  of  such  questions  as  the  functions  of  the  different  classes  of 
nutrients,  the  demands  of  the  body  under  different  conditions,  etc. 

An  incidental  feature  of  two  of  the  experiments  reported  was  a 
partial  study  of  the  food  value  of  alcohol  when  used  in  limited  quantities 
in  the  daily  diet.  The  study  of  this  question  was  undertaken  at  the 
instigation  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  for  the  Investigation  of  the  Drink 
Problem  for  the  purpose  of  securing  more  accurate  and  scientific  knowl- 
edge of  the  physiological  action  of  alcohol.  Financial  aid  for  this 
work  was  furnished  by  the  Committee  of  Fifty,  from  the  Elizabeth 
Thompson  and  Bache  funds,  and  from  private  sources. 

Special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  valuable  assistance  rendered 
by  Messrs.  O.  S.  Blakeslee,  H.  M.  Burr,  and  O.  F.  Tower  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  work  here  reported. 

The  connection  of  Prof.  E.  B.  Eosa  with  the  development  of  the 
respiration  calorimeter  and  the  investigations  made  by  its  use  is  indi- 
cated by  his  joint  authorship  with  Prof.  W.  O.  Atwater  of  the  previous 
bulletin  of  this  series  (03),  which  describes  the  apparatus  in  detail  and 
summarizes  the  results  of  two  of  the  exi^eriments  reported  in  detail 
in  tliis  bulletin. 

The  report  is  respectfully  submitted,  with  the  recommsndation  that 
it  be  published  as  Bulletin  No.  69  of  this  Office. 
Kespectfully, 

A.  C.  True, 

Director. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


CONTENTS 


Page- 

Introduction 5 

General  plan  of  the  apparatus  and  of  the  experiments 6 

Check  experiments  to  test  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus  and  methods 8 

The  electrical  tests 8 

The  alcohol  tests 9 

The  complete  combustion  of  alcohol 9 

The  results  of  alcohol  test  experiments 13 

Summary 16 

Experiments  with  men 17 

Plan  of  the  experiments 17 

Income  of  matter  and  energy — Food  and  drink 18 

Preparation  and  sampling  of  the  food 18 

Temperatures  of  materials  introduced  into  and  removed  from  the  res- 
piration chamber 20 

Analyses  of  food 20 

Outgo  of  matter  and  energy — Excretory  and  respiratory  products  and 

radiated  heat 20 

Intestinal  excreta 20 

Urine 21 

Perspiration  products — Elimination  of  nitrogen 24 

Respiration  products — Carbon  and  hydrogen  24 

The  determination  of  alcohol  eliminated  through  the  kidneys,  lungs, 

and  skin 26 

Measurement  of  heat  radiated  from  the  body 29 

Description  of  experiments  with  men 29 

Composition  of  food  materials,  etc.,  of  experiments  Nos.  5-10 29 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  5 31 

Experimental  data  of  income 34 

Experimental  data  of  outgo  . 34 

Computed  data  of  income  and  outgo 41 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  6 47 

Residual  carbon  dioxid  and  water — Drip  water,  or  drip 53 

Quantities  of  water  adhering  to  the  copper  walls  of  the  chamber 54 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  7 60 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  8 76 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  9 88 

Preparation  of  the  food 88 

Details  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  10 . ; 99 

3 


METABOLISM  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY  IN  THE 

HUMAN  BODY. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  present  report  describes  in  detail  six  of  a  series  of  experi- 
ments upon  tbe  metabolism  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  human  body. 
These  experiments  were  made  with  the  respiration  calorimeter  de- 
scribed in  detail  in  a  previous  bulletin,^  which  also  summarized  the 
results  of  two  of  the  six  experiments  here  described.  Four  experi- 
ments in  which  only  the  balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  was 
determined  were  previously  made  with  this  apparatus,  or,  more  accu- 
rately speaking,  that  portion  of  it  which  is  properly  called  a  respiration 
apparatus,  and  reported  in  Bulletin  44  of  this  Office. 

Ihe  ultimate  purpose  of  the  research  to  which  these  experiments 
belong  is  the  study  of  some  of  the  fundamental  laws  of  nutrition. 
The  plan  of  the  whole  inquiry  is  based  upon  the  ijrinciple  that  the 
chemical  and  ])hysical  changes  which  take  place  within  the  body,  and 
to  which  the  general  term  "metabolism"  is  applied,  occur  in  obedience 
to  the  laws  of  the  conservation  of  matter  and  energy.  That  the  law  of 
the  conservation  of  matter  applies  within  the  living  organism  no  one 
would  question.  It  might  seem  equally  certain  that  the  metabolism  of 
energy  within  the  bodj^  takes  place  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the 
conservation  of  energy.  The  quantitative  demonstration  is,  however, 
desirable,  and  an  attested  method  for  such  demonstration  is  of  funda- 
mental importance  for  the  study  of  the  general  laws  of  metabolism  of 
both  matter  and  energy. 

Accordingly  the  more  immediate  object  of  the  present  inquiry  has 
been  to  develop  an  apparatus  and  method  of  inquiry  by  which  the 
metabolism  of  both  matter  and  energy  in  the  body  could  be  quanti- 
tatively measured  and  the  action  of  the  law  of  the  conservation  of 
energy  demonstrated,  if  practicable.  It  was  believed  tliat  if  this  first 
object  could  be  accomplished,  at  least  within  reasonable  limits,  it  would 
be  possible  to  devise  and  carry  out  experiments  for  the  satisfactory 
study  of  a  number  of  important  questions,  including  among  others  the 
functions  of  the  several  classes  of  nutrients  of  food  and  the  demands 
of  the  body  under  the  different  conditions.^ 

^U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63.  See  also  Bui.  44  of  tbe 
same  oflSce  and  account  of  the  apparatus  as  a  calorimeter  and  of  the  results  of 
experiments  in  Storrs  (Conn.)  Sta.  Rpt.  1897,  p.  212. 

^For  further  statements  upon  this  subject  see  11.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experi- 
ment Stations  Bui.  63,  pp.  7-12,  and  Bui.  21  of  the  same  office,  pp.  99-135.  For  a 
discussion  of  the  sources  of  error  iu  these  experiments  see  Bui.  63,  jnst  mentioned, 
pp.  90-94. 

5 


6 

We  need  to  know  more  than  we  do  at  present  of  the  ways  in  which 
the  different  materials  are  used  in  the  body  for  the  building  or  repair 
of  tissue  or  the  yielding  of  energy.  It  is  desirable  to  learn  whether  in 
their  service  as  fuel  to  supply  the  body  with  muscular  power  and  heat 
their  physiological  value  is  or  is  not  equal  to  their  calorimetric  value. 
To  put  it  in  another  way,  we  need  to  learn  not  only  whether  the  total 
energy  of  different  food  materials  is  transferred  into  kinetic  energy  in 
the  body,  but  also  under  what  circumstances  and  to  what  extent  the 
body  avails  itself  of  that  energy.  To  this  end  it  is  desirable  to  exj)eri- 
nient  with  as  large  a  variety  of  materials  as  possible,  including  com- 
mon forms  of  proteids,  fats,  sugars,  and  starches. 

The  experiments  here  reported  give  data  bearing  upon  the  metabo- 
lism of  matter  and  energy,  the  conservation  of  energy,  and  the  action 
of  the  ordinary  nutrients  of  food  in  the  body.  They  thus  bear  upon  all 
of  the  subjects  just  indicated. 

In  addition  to  this  some  studies  of  the  nutritive  action  of  alcohol 
were  made  at  the  instigation  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  for  the  Investi- 
gation of  the  Drink  Problem.  The  committee  wished  more  accurate 
and  scientific  information  concerning  the  physiological  action  of  alcohol 
than  has  been  hitherto  possible  to  obtain.  To  this  end  a  considerable 
sum  has  been  devoted  by  the  committee  from  its  own  treasury  for  the 
prosecution  of  these  experiments.  This  sum  has  been  supplemented 
by  other  gifts  from  private  sources  and  also  by  appropriations  from 
the  Elizabeth  Thomi:>son  and  Bache  funds.  The  same  laboratory 
privileges  which  have  been  extended  by  Wesley  an  University  to  the 
general  nutrition  investigations  conducted  at  that  institution  under 
the  auspices  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Storrs 
Experiment  Station  have  been  extended  to  this  special  investigation. 
By  a  fortunate  cooperation  of  the  several  agencies  named  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  inquiry  has  been  X30ssible.  Although  this  alcohol 
investigation  has  been  conducted  with  funds  which  were  not  supplied 
by  the  Department,  it  is  entirely  fitting  that  the  details  of  the  investi- 
gation, so  far  as  it  is  of  special  interest  in  connection  with  the  laws  of 
nutrition,  should  be  published  in  connection  with  the  other  metabo- 
lism experiments  of  this  series.  They  are,  accordingly,  included  in 
the  series  herewith  reported.  Experiments  Nos.  7  and  10  are  so-called 
alcohol  experiments — that  is  to  say,  the  daily  menu  in  each  of  these 
experiments  included  a  certain  amount  of  alcohol  which  replaced  an 
isodynamic  amount  of  fats,  sugars,  and  starches.  In  some  of  the  later 
experiments,  not  reported  here,  it  has  likewise  replaced  the  equivalent 
sugar,  starch,  and  fat,  and  in  still  others  it  has  been  added  to  the 
nutrients  of  an  otherwise  duplicate  experiment. 

GENERAL  PLAN  OF  THE  APPARATUS  AND  OF  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

The  name  '^respiration  calorimeter"  as  applied  to  the  apparatus 
used  in  these  experiments  is  suggested  by  the  fact  that  it  is  essentially 
a  respiration   apparatus,  with   appliances   for   calorimetric  measure- 


ments.  As  a  respiration  apparatus  it  is  similar  to  that  of  Pettenkofer. 
As  iin  instrument  for  measuring  heat  it  is  essentially  a  calorimeter. 
The  heat  is  absorbed  and  carried  away  by  a  current  of  water  as  rapidly 
as  it  is  generated  in  the  chamber.  It  is  therefore  a  water  calorimeter. 
The  arrangements  for  the  measurement  of  both  the  respiratory  products 
and  the  heat  given  off  by  the  body  differ  in  important  respects  from 
those  of  any  other  apparatus  with  which  we  are  familiar.  The  essen- 
tial features  of  the  apparatus  are : 

(1)  A  chamber  in  which  the  subject  of  the  experiment — a  man — lives, 
eats,  drinks,  sleeps,  and  works  during  a  period  of  several  days  and 
nights.  The  chamber  is  2.15  meters  (7  feet)  long,  1.22  meters  (4  feet) 
wide,  and  1.92  meters  (6  feet  4  inches)  high.  It  is  furnished  with  a 
folding  chair,  table,  and  bed. 

(2)  Arrangements  for  ventilation  by  means  of  a  current  of  air  which 
is  drawn  from  out  of  doors  and  passes  through  the  chamber.  The 
ventilating  current  of  air  is  maintained,  its  volume  is  measured,  and 
samples  are  taken  for  analysis  by  a  specially  devised  apparatus  desig- 
nated as  a  meter  pump.  The  temperature  of  the  air  current  is  measured 
and  so  regulated  as  to  be  the  same  on  entering  the  chamber  as  upon 
leaving  it.  The  samples  for  analysis  are  taken  before  it  enters  and 
after  it  leaves  tlie  chamber.  The  results  of  the  analyses,  with  the  vol- 
ume as  measured,  serve  as  data  for  computing  the  amounts  of  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  given  off  from  the  body  through  the  lungs  and  skin. 

(3)  Arrangements  for  passing  the  food  and  drink  into  the  chamber 
and  removing  the  solid  and  liquid  excreta.  Weighings  and  analyses 
of  these  materials,  including  determinations  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  and 
hydrogen,  give  data  for  calculating  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen; 
and,  taken  in  connection  with  the  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  in  the  respiratory  products,  show  the  income  and  outgo  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen  of  the  body.  The  analyses  of  the  food  and  solid  and 
liquid  excreta  include  also  determinations  of  proximate  ingredients,  and 
thus  serve  for  determining  the  so-called  digestibility  of  the  food,  i.  e., 
the  proportions  of  nutrients  actually  made  available. 

(4)  Arrangements  for  measuring  the  heat  given  off'  from  the  body  of 
the  man  in  the  chamber,  and  the  heat  equivalent  of  the  muscular  work 
done.  The  heat  given  off'  is  carried  away  by  a  current  of  cold  water, 
which  passes  through  a  series  of  pipes,  called  absorber^s,  inside  the 
chamber.  By  regulating  the  temperature  of  the  water  as  it  enters,  and 
also  its  rate  of  flow  through  the  pipes,  it  is  possible  to  carry  away  the 
heat  just  as  fast  as  it  is  generated,  and  thus  maintain  a  constant  tem- 
perature inside  the  chamber.  The  amount  of  outgoing  water  and  its 
increase  of  temperature  are  measured,  thus  determining  the  amount  of 
heat  carried  away. 

In  order  that  the  heat  taken  up  and  carried  out  by  the  cold  water 
passing  through  the  absorbers  shall  represent  exactly  the  amount  given 
off  from  the  man's  body  or  otherwise  produced  in  the  chamber,  it  is 
necessary  to  provide  that  there  shall  be  no  passage  of  heat  througli  the 


8 

walls  of  the  calorimeter,  or  rather  that  the  small  quantities  that  pass 
in  and  out  shall  exactly  counterbalance  each  other;  and  that  the  ven- 
tilatiu«i-  current  of  air  shall  leave  the  chamber  at  the  same  tempera- 
ture as  it  enters,  so  that  it  shall  carry  out  neither  more  nor  less  heat 
thau  it  briugs  in.  The  special  apparatus  and  methods  for  accomplish- 
ing these  two  objects  are  described  in  detail  in  a  previous  bulletin.^ 

The  excess  of  water  vapor  in  the  air  leaving  the  chamber  over  that 
in  tlie  air  entering  represents  the  water  given  off  from  the  body  of  the 
subject,  and  the  heat  required  to  vaporize  it  must  be  added  to  the  heat 
carried  off  by  the  current  of  water  to  obtain  a  true  measure  of  the  total 
heat  given  off  by  the  subject. 

The  heats  of  combustion  of  the  food  and  of  the  unoxidized  compounds 
of  the  feces  and  of  the  urine  are  determined  by  use  of  a  bomb  calorim- 
eter.2  These  data  with  those  for  heat  given  off  in  the  chamber,  allow- 
ance being  made  for  temperature  of  food  and  drink  passed  in  and  excre- 
tory products  passed  out  of  the  chamber,  serve  for  computing  the 
income  and  outgo  of  energy  of  the  body. 

CHECK  EXPERIMENTS  TO  TEST  THE  ACCITRACY  OF  THE  APPARATUS 

AND  METHODS. 

In  order  to  test  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus  as  a  calorimeter  and 
the  methods  for  determining  the  income  and  outgo  of  matter,  two 
series  of  exi)eriments  were  made.  For  the  details  of  the  experiments 
and  the  explanations  of  the  methods  employed  reference  may  be  made 
to  the  detailed  description  referred  to  above.^  In  the  first  series  a 
known  amount  of  heat  was  generated  within  the  chamber  by  means  of 
an  electric  current.  In  the  second  series  alcohol  was  burned  within 
the  chamber,  thus  i)roducing  not  only  a  known  amount  of  heat  but  at 
the  same  time  a  known  quantity  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water. 

THE  ELECTRICAL  TESTS. 

The  tests  were  made  by  passing  an  electric  current  through  a  resist- 
ance coil  placed  within  the  chamber,  the  voltage  at  each  end  of  the  coil 
and  tlie  current  passing  through  the  coil  being  measured.  These,  with 
the  time  during  which  the  current  was  maintained,  gave  data  for  the 
corni)utation  of  the  amount  of  total  heat  generated  within  the  chamber. 
The  heat  given  off  was  measured  in  the  manner  already  indicated  by 
determining  the  increase  in  temperature  of  a  known  amount  of  water 
passing  tlirough  tlie  chamber.  The  agreement  of  these  two  quantities 
was  taken  as  the  test  of  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus  as  a  calorimeter. 
Five  tests  in  all  have  been  made.  The  results  are  summarized  in  the 
following  table.    The  total  heat,  as  measured  by  the  water  current. 


'U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 

'U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  P^xperiment  Stations  Bui.  21,  and  Storrs  (Conn.)  Sta. 
Rpts.  1894  and  1807. 

'U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 


9 


differed  from  the  theoretical  amount  (generated  in  the  chamber)  in  all 
cases  by  less  than  0.5  per  cent  of  the  latter.  In  the  average  of  all  the 
tests  made  the  two  amounts  are  practically  identical. 

Table  1. — Summary  of  electrical  tests. 


Test 


Date. 


Duration. 


1897. 

March  20 

March  25 

March  26 

April  30 

Total,  4  tests 

1898. 
January  8 

Total,  5  tests 


Heat  gen- 
erated. 


Heat  measured. 


Hours.     Calories.  \  Calories.    Per  cent 


m 

6 
6 


989.1  992.9  100.39 

522.1  522.1  1.00 

1,253.1  j  1,250.9  99.75 

21.5  21.4  99.54 


32f 


2,  785.  8  1  2,  787.  3 


100.  06 


230,5 


229.4 


99.52 


36f   3,016.3   3,016.7 

I        I 


100.  01 


THE  ALCOHOL  TESTS. 

The  conditions  in  the  above  tests  differed  from  those  which  obtain  in 
actual  experiments  with  men  in  that  there  was  no  ventilating  current 
of  air  passing  through  the  chamber  and  no  carbon  dioxid  or  water  was 
given  oft"  within  it.  The  crucial  test  of  the  accuracy  of  the  ai^paratus 
and  methods  must  be  made  under  circumstances  closely  similar  to  those 
of  the  actual  experiments. 

In  the  burning  of  ethyl  alcohol  in  air,  carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat 
are  produced.  If  known  quantities  of  alcohol  be  burned  inside  the 
chamber  while  a  current  of  air  is  passing  through,  the  conditions 
approach  very  closely  to  those  of  the  experiment  with  man.  To  make 
such  experiments  reliable  as  tests  of  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus 
and  methods,  the  combustion  of  the  alcohol  must  be  complete  and  the 
amount  burned  must  be  exactly  known. 

THE  COMPLETE  COMBUSTION  OF  ALCOHOL. 

Previous  to  the  selection  of  alcohol  as  the  material  to  be  burned  as  a 
means  of  generating  known  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid,  water,  and 
heat,  several  other  substances  were  tried,  the  object  being  to  find  one 
which  could  readily  be  obtained  in  a  high  state  of  purity,  and  could 
without  difficulty  be  completely  oxidized  in  the  chamber.  The  use  of 
stearine  candles,  so  often  resorted  to  by  previous  experimenters,  had 
been  shown  to  be  objectionable  because  of  the  incomj)lete  oxidation  of 
the  gases  of  combustion  formed,  if  for  no  other  reason. 

Several  experiments  in  this  direction  were  made  with  benzene,  ether, 
and  ethyl  alcohol,  each  of  which  is  readily  obtained  in  sufficiently  pure 
form.  In  order  to  avoid  the  use  of  a  wick  an  attempt  was  made  to 
convert  the  substances  into  a  fine  spray  and  thus  secure  the  presence 
of  a  large  amount  of  air  in  the  vapor  undergoing  combustion.  It  was 
easy  to  produce  a  fine  spray  but  the  oxidation  was  incomplete,  as  was 


10 

shown  by  tbe  sooty  flames  and  odors.  Au  attempt  was  made  to  secure 
a  wick  free  from  carbon  bj^  the  use  of  asbestus,  but  owing  to  the  poor 
capillarity  of  the  latter  a  constant  rate  of  combustion  could  not  be 
maintained.  Various  modifications  of  the  method  by  the  use  of  asbestus 
were  tried,  but  without  success.  Either  the  rate  of  combustion  could 
not  be  regulated  or  the  oxidation  was  not  complete. 

The  method  of  securing  the  complete  combustion  of  ethyl  alcohol, 
which  proved  most  satisfactory  and  was  afterwards  used  in  the  alcohol 
tests  of  the  accuracy  of  the  measurements  of  carbon  dioxid,  water, 
and  heat  in  the  calorimeter,  was  as  follows : 

The  essential  feature  of  the  flame  was  a  central  draft  of  air.  To 
secure  this  an  ordinary  small  kerosene  lamp  with  an  Argand  burner 
and  chimney  was  found  very  satisfactory;  that  is  to  say,  the  alcohol 
was  used  in  this  simple  lamp  in  exactly  the  same  way  that  kerosene 
would  be  burned.  The  flame  of  the  burning  alcohol  was  nonluminous, 
but  it  still  remained  to  show  conclusively  that  there  was  no  trace  of 
unoxidized  material  in  the  vapors  from  the  burning  alcohol.  If  the 
supply  of  oxygen  is  insufficient,  several  i)roducts  are,  at  least  theoret- 
ically, capable  of  being  formed.  Such  products  are  carbon  monoxid, 
aldehyde,  acetic  acid,  and  hydrocarbons. 

In  order  to  test  for  these  compounds,  it  is  first  necessary  to  free  them 
from  the  carbon  dioxid  and  water — that  is,  from  the  products  of  com- 
plete combustion  of  the  burning  alcohol.  For  this  j)urpose  the  lamp  in 
which  the  alcohol  was  burning  was  placed  under  an  inverted  funnel, 
the  stem  of  which  was  sealed  to  a  glass  tube  connected  with  a  system 
of  tubes  and  solutions  for  the  removal  of  different  combustion  i>roducts 
from  the  air.  A  strong  suction  from  a  water  pump  maintained  a  cur- 
rent of  air  through  the  whole  system,  so  that  a  large  proportion, 
assumed  to  be  nearly  all,  of  the  products  of  combustion  were  drawn  in 
and  through  the  apparatus  along  with  some  of  the  air  from  the  room. 
The  current  thus  passing  in  at  the  inverted  funnel  was  first  drawn 
through  bottles  containing  a  saturated  solution  of  caustic  potash,  which 
sufficed  for  the  removal  of  practically  all  the  carbon  dioxid  and  water, 
as  well  as  volatile  liquids  formed  from  the  incomplete  combustion  of  the 
alcohol.  Tests  for  such  substances  were  subsequently  made  by  another 
method.  For  the  removal  of  the  last  traces  of  carbon  dioxid,  soda 
lime  contained  in  U-tubes,  was  employed.  A  clear  solution  of  barium 
liydroxid  inserted  in  the  system  showed  that  the  removal  of  carbon 
dioxid  was  conjplete. 

Gaseous  hydro(;arbons  and  carbon  monoxid  that  might  have  been 
formed  by  incomplet(i  oxidation  of  the  alcohol  are  practically  insoluble 
in  causti(^  ]>otash  solution,  and  their  presence  in  tlie  air  current  freed 
from  carbon  dioxid  is  easily  established  by  passing  the  air  through  a 
short  combustion  tube  containing  granulated  cui)iic  oxid  heated  to  red- 
ness, and  finally  through  a  solution  of  barium  hydroxid.  In  this  way 
any  incomifletely  oxidized  gas  would  be  oxidized  to  carbon  dioxid, 
which  would  produce  a  turbidity  or  precipitate  in  this  latter  solution. 


11 

A  preliminary  test  was  made  by  drawing  ordinary  room  air  through 
the  apparatus  in  order  to  demonstrate  the  absence  of  any  hydrocarbons 
or  carbon  monoxid.  Tlie  barium  hydroxid  solution  remained  clear. 
The  alcohol  lamp  previously  described  was  then  placed  under  the  funnel 
of  the  apparatus  and  lighted.  The  flame  of  the  burning  alcohol  was 
nouluminous.  Two  hundred  grams  of  90  per  cent  alcohol  was  burned 
at  the  rate  of  about  1  gram  in  two  minutes.  At  the  end  of  this  period 
of  nearly  seven  hours  there  was  no  cloudiness  in  the  barium  hydroxid 
solution,  indicating  that  no  products  of  incomplete  combustion  had 
passed  the  potassium  hydroxid  solution. 

While  such  a  test  as  that  just  described  indicates  that  no  gaseous 
products  of  incomplete  combustion  are  formed  when  alcohol  is  burned 
in  a  lamp  supplied  with  an  Argaud  burner,  i^rovided  the  flame  is  non- 
luminous,  it  is  possible  that  a  considerable  amount  of  liquid  products 
might  be  formed,  and  even  a  trace  of  alcohol  might  be  volatilized 
unburned. 

In  order  to  determine  whether  such  compounds  of  incomplete  oxida- 
tion were  i^resent,  a  second  test  was  made,  in  which  the  products  of 
combustion  resulting  from  the  burning  of  500  grams  of  alcohol  were 
passed  through  two  flasks  surrounded  by  a  freezing  mixture  of  salt  and 
ice  to  condense  all  volatile  nongaseous  products.  The  condensed  com- 
pounds, amounting  to  150  cubic  centimeters,  were  carefully  tested  for 
alcohol  and  for  carbonaceous  matter  of  any  kind.  A  very  delicate  and 
easily  applied  test  for  small  quantities  of  alcohol  has  been  devised  by 
E.  W.  Davy.'  A  few  drops  of  the  liquid  supposed  to  contain  alcohol 
is  added  to  a  solution  of  one  part  molybdic  acid  in  ten  parts  of  strong- 
sulphuric  acid  and  the  whole  gently  warmed  in  a  porcelain  capsule. 
If  alcohol  is  present,  a  blue  coloration  appears  immediately  or  after  a 
few  moments,  even  when  th^  solution  contains  no  more  than  0.1  per 
cent  of  alcohol. 

Before  applying  this  test  to  the  condensed  products  of  the  combus- 
tion of  alcohol  the  liquid  was  first  subjected  to  two  fractional  distillations, 
thereby  concentrating  the  volatile  products,  if  such  existed,  to  about 
15  cubic  centimeters.  A  few  drops  of  this  distillate  was  tested  in  the 
manner  just  indicated,  but  the  entire  absence  of  any  blue  coloration  in 
the  molybdic  solution  implied  the  absence  of  alcohol.  The  delicacy  of 
the  test  was  verified  by  means  of  a  very  weak  alcoholic  solution  of 
known  strength.  Since  the  test  is  sufficiently  delicate  to  show  the 
presence  of  even  0.1  per  cent  of  alcohol  in  a  solution,  it  is  evident  that 
there  could  not  have  been  as  much  as  15  milligrams  of  alcohol  in  the 
condensed  products  of  the  combustion  of  500  grams  of  alcohol.  In 
other  words,  if  any  were  present,  there  must  have  been  less  than  3  parts 
in  100,000. 

It  remained,  however,  to  show  the  absence  of  any  organic  matter  in 
the  condensed  liquid.  Accordingly  air  freed  from  all  traces  of  carbon 
dioxid  was  passed  over  the  remaining  portion  of  the  distillate  and  the 

'Allen,  Commercial  Organic  Analysis,  2.  etl.,  Vol.  I,  p.  59. 


12 

vapors  passed  over  hot  cupric  oxid,  as  in  the  first  test.  The  air  was 
then  drawn  through  a  tube  containing  barium  liydroxid,  but  no  carbon 
dioxid  was  found. 

Such  tests  seemed  to  show  conclusively  that  there  could  be  no  products 
of  incomplete  combustion  in  the  burning  of  alcohol  according  to  this 
method. 

As  a  final  check  on  the  accuracy  and  delicacy  of  these  methods,  one 
drop  of  90  per  cent  alcohol,  or  about  one-twentieth  cubic  centimeter, 
was  mixed  with  400  cubic  centimeters  of  water  and  the  whole  placed 
in  a  freezing  mixture  until  all  but  about  30  cubic  centimeters  had  solidi- 
fied. This  liquid  was  then  poured  off  and  tested  for  alcohol  by  means 
of  the  molybdic-acid  solution  above  described.  A  very  distinct  blue 
coloration  was  obtained.  A  j)art  of  the  remainder  of  this  extremely 
dilute  alcohol  solution  was  then  tested  for  carbon  in  the  same  manner 
as  was  employed  with  the  condensed  vapors  from  the  burning  alcohol, 
namely,  by  passing  a  current  of  the  carbon  dioxid-free  air  over  it  and 
through  the  combustion  tube  with  hot  cupric  acid,  and  finally  through 
barium  hydroxid  solution.  There  was  a  marked  cloudiness  and  white 
precipitate  in  the  tube  containing  barium  hydroxid.  This  shows 
that  approximately  1  part  of  alcohol  in  8,000  parts  of  water  can  be 
detected,  and  it  is  i^robable  that  alcohol  and  other  organic  compounds 
could  be  detected  in  a  still  more  dilute  solution. 

That  is  to  say,  a  solution  of  one  drop,  or  about  50  milligrams  of  alco- 
hol in  400  cubic  centimeters  of  water  was  frozen  until  only  30  cubic  cen- 
timeters remained  in  liquid  form.  A  i^ortion  of  this  unfrozen  liquid 
revealed  tlie  presence  of  alcohol  by  the  molybdic-acid  test.  The 
remainder  of  this  liquid  was  evaporated  in  a  current  of  carbon -dioxid- 
free  air  which  was  passed  over  copper  oxid  in  a  combustion  tube  aiid 
then  through  a  barium  hydroxid  solution.  The  precipitate  in  the  latter 
solution  showed  the  presence  of  organic  material  in  the  liquid.  This 
test  indicated  that  the  method  could  be  used  as  a  test  for  minute  quan- 
tities of  alcohol  in  a  liquid.  The  inference  is  that  any  other  organic 
compound,  such  as  acetic  acid  or  aldehyde,  that  might  be  contained  in 
the  liquid  evaporated  in  the  current  of  air  would  have  been  oxidized  in 
the  combustion  tube,  and  that  its  carbon  would  have  appeared  as  barium 
carbonate  in  the  barium  hydroxid  solution. 

Tlie  ])roducts  of  combustion  of  alcohol  in  the  lamp  were  cooled  by  a 
similar  freezing  mixture.  The  resulting  liquid  was  concentrated  to  a 
small  ))ulk  by  fractional  distillation.  A  portion  of  this  distillate  was 
tested  by  inolylxlic  acid  solution,  but  gave  no  reaction  for  alcohol.  The 
remainder  was  evaporated  in  a  current  of  carbon -dioxid-free  air  and 
l)assed  over  heated  copper  oxid  and  through  barium  hydroxid  solution, 
but  gave  no  reaction  for  carbon.  This  negative  test,  taken  in  connec- 
tion with  the  previous  one  for  the  presence  of  gaseous  products  of 
incon)i)lete  combustion  of  alcohol,  which  was  also  negative,  implied  the 
absence  of  any  considerable  amount  of  incompletely  oxidized  products 
of  combustion  when  the  alcohol  was  burned  in  the  lamp. 


13 

These  tests  appear  to  prove  that,  if  the  combustion  of  alcohol  in  this 
form  of  lamp  is  not  complete,  the  products  of  incomplete  combustion  are 
so  extremely  small  that  they  would  affect  the  results,  when  alcohol  is 
burned  in  the  calorimeter  for  the  production  of  a  known  amount  of 
carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat,  by  less  than  0.01  per  cent,  a  value  far 
within  the  limits  of  experimental  error. 

THE  RESULTS  OF  ALCOHOL  TEST  EXPERIMENTS. 

In  the  detailed  description  of  these  experiments  in  the  previous  bul- 
letin it  was  explained  that  ethyl  alcohol  of  about  90  per  cent  was  used. 
The  theoretical  quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  which  would  be 
produced  by  its  combustion  were  computed  from  the  known  composi- 
tion of  ethyl  alcohol  and  water  and  the  amounts  of  these  materials  in 
the  alcohol  actually  used.  The  heat  of  combustion  was  determined  by 
burning  specimens  of  the  alcohol  with  oxygen  in  the  bomb  calorimeter 
above  referred  to.  Different  determinations  of  the  heat  of  combustion 
made  by  this  apparatus  agreed  with  tolerable  closeness.  The  aver- 
age of  the  results  was  not  far  from  that  obtained  by  Berthelot.  We 
can  hardly  believe  that  the  heats  of  combustion  as  thus  determined 
were  very  far  out  of  the  way.' 

In  the  test  experiments  the  alcohol  was  burned  inside  the  respiration 
chamber  by  use  of  the  lamp  above  described.  The  general  method  of 
conducting  the  experiments  was  the  same  as  followed  in  the  metabolism 
experiments  with  a  man  inside  the  chamber. 

These  tests  were  made  from  time  to  time  during  the  progress  of  the 
metabolism  experiments  described  beyond.  Table  2  summarizes  the 
final  results  of  nine  experiments  thus  made. 

Table  2. — Summary  of  nine  alcohol  test  experiments  with  resjnration  calorimeter. 


Date. 


Duration 


1897. 


Krs.  min. 


April  27-29 52  31 

May  10-11 29  56 

May  26-27 33  50 

October27-28 ~ '  34  33 

November2-3 35  09 

December  2 '  11  39 

1898. 

January  6 ■  5  50 

JaBuary24-27 i  77  57 

May9 |  35  55 

Totala I  317  20 

I 


Alcohol 
burned. 


Grams. 
955.4 
798.8 
505.4 
797.7 
788.2 
245.3 


112.2 
,  607.  8 
699.7 


Carbou  dioxid. 


Required. 


Grams. 

1, 657. 2 

1,  385.  6 

876.7 

1,  384.  8 
1,365.1 

423.1 

193.5 

2,  784. 4 
1,  206.  9 


9,  892.  5 


Found. 


Grams. 
1,  657.  6 
1,  384.  4 

887.8 
1, 335. 7 
1,376.7 

417.6 

193.5 

2, 769.  7 
1,198.9 


Ratio  of 
amount 

found  to 
amount 

required. 


9,  886.  2 


Per  cent. 
100.0 

99.9 
101.3 
[96. 5] 
100.8 

98.6 

100.  0 
99.  5 
99.4 


99.9 


a  Omitting  the  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  test  No.  4  and  the  water  in  test  No.  3. 


*  For  detailed  results  see  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  OflQce  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 


14 


Taiu.e  2. — Siiminarji  of  nine  alcohol  lest  experiments  with  respiration  calorimeter — Cont'd. 


Date. 


1897. 


April  27-29... 
May  10-11  . . . . 

May  26-27 

October  27-28 . 
Xovember  2-3 . 
December  2 . . . 


Duration. 


Hrs.  min. 
52    31 

29 
33 
34 
35 
11 


Alcohol 
burned. 


56 

50 
33 
09 
39 


1898. 


January  6 

January  24-27. 
May  9 


5 

77 
35 


50 
57 
55 


Total' 317    20 


Grama. 
955.4 
798.8 
505.4 

797.7 
788.2 
245.3 

112.2 

1,607.8 

699.7 


Water. 


Required. 

Found. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

1, 106. 1 

1, 109.  7 

924.8 

925.0 

585.1 

627.  9 

925.7 

1,007.9 

912.3 

920.8 

283.7 

287.5 

129.8 

131.3 

1,  860.  8 

1,881.6 

809.3 

807.9 

6,  026. 8 

6,  063. 8 

Ratio  of 
amount 
found  to 
amount 
required. 

Per  cent 
lUO.  3 
100.0 
[107.3] 
[108.8] 
100.9 
101.3 


101.2 

101.1 

99.8 


100.6 


Date. 


1897. 


April  27-29  ... 
May  10-11  ...- 

May  26-27 

October  27-28 . 
November  2-3 . 
December  2 ... 


Duration. 


Alcohol 
burned. 


1898. 


7  .January  6 

8  January  24-27. 

9  I  May  9 

Total '  . . 


Hrs.  inin. 
52  31 
29 
33 
34 
35 
11 


56 
50 
33 
09 
39 


.5    50 

77    57 
35    55 


317    20 


Grams. 
955.4 

798.8 
505.4 
797.7 
788.2 
245.3 

112.2 

1,  607.  8 

699.7 


Heat. 


Required. 


Calories. 
6, 129. 0 
5, 124.  2 

3,  242. 1 
5, 120.  5 
5,  048.  4 
1,  564.  8 

715.7 
10,  294.  7 

4,  463. 4 


41,702.8 


Found. 


Calories. 
6, 077. 1 
5, 167. 1 

3,  217.  3 
5, 141.  5 
5, 050.  0 
1,  556.  8 

731.1 
10,  268.  5 

4,  466.  0 


41, 675.  4 


Ratio  of 
amount 
found  to 
amount 
required. 


Per  cent. 

99.15 
100. 82 

99.25 
100. 41 
100.  03 

99.48 

102. 15 
99.74 

100.  05 


99.93 


'  Omitting  the  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  test  No.  4  and  the  water  in  test  No.  3. 

These  experiments  include  all  which  were  carried  on  up  to  the  close 
of  those  with  man  tabulated  beyond,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two 
whi(;h  were  so  vitiated  by  accident  as  not  to  be  completed. 

The  first  of  the  tests  reported  was  made  the  latter  part  of  April, 
1897,  immediately  before  metabolism  experiment  No.  5.  Immediately 
preceding  experiment  No.  G  a  second  alcohol  test  was  made,  and  pre- 
ceding No.  7  the  third  test  was  carried  on.  This  ended  the  experiment- 
ing until  the  fall  of  1897,  when  test  No.  4  was  made.  The  determinations 
of  carljon  dioxid  and  water  in  this  latter  test  were  not  satisfactory, 
and  a  fifth  test  was  made,  in  which  the  agreement  of  the  determinations 
of  carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat  actually  measured,  with  the  theo- 
retical quantities  produced  by  the  combustion  of  the  alcohol,  was  very 
satisfactory.     Metabolism  experiment  No.  8  immediately  followed  this 


15 

test.  The  sixth  alcohol  test  experiment  was  made  in  the  early  part  of 
December,  1897,  but  as  the  plans  for  the  following  metabolism  experi- 
ment were  delayed,  another  test  of  short  duration.  No.  7,  was  carried 
on  immediately  i)receding  metabolism  experiment  No.  9.  The  agreement 
of  theoretical  quantities  with  those  actually  found  was  again  very  sat- 
isfactory. In  the  latter  part  of  January,  1898,  the  eighth  alcohol  test 
experiment  was  made,  following  which  came  metabolism  experiments 
Nos.  10,  11,  and  12,  with  no  intervening  alcohol  check  experiments. 

Between  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  10  and  11,  however,  that 
portion  of  the  heat-measuring  apparatus  which  has  to  do  with  pre- 
venting any  loss  or  gain  of  heat  by  its  passage  through  the  metal 
walls  of  the  chamber  was  tested  to  insure  its  accuracy.  In  this  test 
there  was  no  current  of  water  flowing  through  the  absorbers,  nor  was 
the  ventilating  air  current  maintained.  The  thermal  junction  circuit 
between  the  copper  and  zinc  walls  was  kept  constant,  i.  e.,  at  zero 
deflection,  by  regulating  the  temperature  of  the  air  immediately  sur- 
rounding the  outer  (zinc)  wall  in  the  usual  way.^  The  temperature  of 
the  interior  of  the  chamber  under  these  circumstances  remained  con- 
stant during  the  whole  i^eriod,  six  hours,  of  the  test.  This  implies  that 
the  variations  in  the  temi:)erature  of  the  air  of  the  room  outside  the 
calorimeter  were  without  effect  upon  the  temperature  of  the  interior  of 
the  chamber.  This  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  no  more  heat  passed 
through  the  walls  in  one  direction  than  in  the  other.  In  order  that  this 
should  be  the  case  the  mean  temperature  of  the  copper  and  zinc  walls 
must  have  been  the  same.  The  zero  deflection  corresponds  to  this 
equality  of  temi)erature.  The  inference  is,  therefore,  that  the  thermal 
circuit  was  in  good  order.  The  alcohol  test  experiment  No.  9,  after 
metabolism  experiment  No.  12,  gave  results  closely  agreeing  with  the 
theoretical,  thus  showing  the  apparatus  to  be  in  good  order.  Since, 
therefore,  the  whole  apparatus  was  in  good  order  before  metabolism 
experiment  No.  10  and  after  metabolism  experiment  No.  12,  and  the 
special  test  between  Nos.  10  and  11  implied  that  the  thermal  junctions 
were  in  order,  it  seems  fair  to  assume  that  the  results  of  experiments 
Nos.  10,  11,  and  12  are  reliable  so  far  as  the  condition  of  the  apparatus 
was  concerned. 

These  individual  test  experiments  continued  from  five  to  seventy- 
eight  hours  each.  The  total  time  was  three  hundred  and  seventeen 
hours.  The  rate  of  the  burning  of  the  alcohol  ranged  from  10  to  27 
grams  per  hour,  and  the  strength  of  the  alcohol  from  90.21  to  90.(13  per 
cent  absolute.  The  determinations  of  water  in  tests  Nos.  3  and  4  were 
not  satisfactory.  In  test  No.  3  this  discrepancy  is  api^arently  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  the  air  in  the  apparatus  was  much  dryer  at  the 
close  of  the  exijeriment  than  at  the  beginning,  and  it  is  not  imjws- 
sible  that  the  excess  of  water  found  may  be  due  to  the  evaporation  of 


1  For  detailed  description  of  this  part  of  the  apparatus,  seQ  U,  S,  Dept.  Agr., 
Office  of  Experiment  Stations  liul.  63,  pp.  19-21. 


16 

moisture  from  the  surface  of  the  absorbers  during  the  experiment.  In 
the  metabolism  experiments  the  man  within  the  chamber  can  weigh 
the  absorbers,  and  thus  the  difterences  in  amounts  of  water  condensed 
upon  their  surfaces  can  be  determined,  but  in  the  alcohol  test  experi- 
ments this  is  impossible.  The  endeavor  was  made  to  have  the  conditions 
inside  the  apparatus,  especially  of  temperature  and  moisture,  the  same 
at  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  the  tests.  In  view  of  the  difficulty  of 
making  these  conditions  actually  the  same,  and  the  considerable 
amount  of  water  that  may  adhere  to  the  surface  of  the  condensers,  it 
is  not  strange  that  discrepancies  should  at  times  be  found  in  the 
determination  of  water  in  the  alcohol  test  experiments.  In  actual 
experiments  with  man  it  has  not  been  uncommon  to  find  variations  in 
the  weights  of  absorbers  of  100  grams  or  more  between  the  beginning 
and  the  end  of  the  six-hour  experimental  periods.  The  reason  for  the 
discrepancy  in  test  No.  4  is  not  so  apparent,  nor  was  there  any  appar- 
ent cause  for  the  small  proportion  of  carbon  dioxid  found.  The  deter- 
minations of  heat  were,  however,  very  close  to  the  theoretical  values, 
and  the  test  is  included  in  the  table  with  the  others.  As  mentioned 
above,  however,  another  test  was  made  before  the  beginning  of  the 
next  metabolism  experiment,  in  which  the  results  were  very  close  to 
the  theoretical.  Omitting  the  determination  of  water  in  tests  Nos.  3 
and  4,  the  maximum  difference  between  the  amounts  of  water  actually 
found  and  the  theoretical  was  1.2  per  cent,  and  the  average  difference 
only  0.()  per  cent.  Omitting  the  determination  of  carbon  dioxid  in  test 
No.  4,  the  maximum  variation  was  1.3  per  cent  from  the  theoretical 
amount,  and  the  average  only  0.1  per  cent.  In  test  No.  7  the  propor- 
tion of  beat  measured  is  larger  than  usual.  It  will  be  observed, 
however,  that  this  test  continued  only  through  one  period  of  six 
hours.  Some  time  is  required  to  get  the  apparatus  into  equilibrium, 
and  the  heat  measurements  of  the  first  experimental  period  are  accord- 
ingly sometimes  incorrect.  It  is,  perhaps,  hardly  fair  to  include  tbis 
test  witb  tbe  others,  though  the  period  was  so  short  and  the  quantities 
involved  so  small  that  it  does  not  materially  affect  the  total  averages. 
If  it  be  excluded  from  the  averages  the  maximum  difference  between 
the  theoretical  and  experimental  amounts  of  heat  is  0.8  per  cent,  and 
the  average  variation  less  than  0.1  per  cent.  In  either  case,  the  average 
variation  is  only  0.1  per  cent. 

SUMMARY. 

Tbe  accuracy  of  apparatus  and  methods  for  the  determination  of 
carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat,  which  have  been  previously  described 
and  which  were  used  in  tbe  metabolism  experiments  here  reiDorted,  was 
tested  with  an  electrical  current  by  which  known  amounts  of  heat  were 
produced  in  tbe  chamber  of  the  apparatus,  and  by  burning  alcohol  in 
the  chamber  and  tbus  i)roducing  known  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid, 
water,  and  heat. 


17 

The  amounts  of  heat  produced  by  the  electric  current  and  the 
amounts  actually  measured  by  the  calorimeter  agreed  almost  exactly; 
the  differences  averaged  scarcely  one  ten-thousandth  of  the  whole. 

In  the  tests  by  the  burning  of  alcohol  the  differences  between  the 
theoretical  quantities  and  those  actually  found  were  likewise  very 
small,  and  averaged:  For  carbon  dioxid  one-thousandth,  water  six- 
thousandths,  and  for  heat  one- thousandth  of  the  whole.  To  state  the 
case  in  another  way,  the  determinations  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  heats 
of  combustion  of  alcohol  by  the  respiration  calorimeter  are  as  accurate 
as  are  ordinarily  obtained  by  the  usual  methods  of  combustion  with 
the  combustion  furnace  and  the  bomb  calorimeter. 

These  results  seem  to  indicate  that  the  methods  of  determining  the 
amounts  of  carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat  given  off  within  the  cham- 
ber are  reasonably  accurate  and  that  the  respiration  calorimeter  may 
be  regarded  as  an  instrument  of* precision. 

EXPERIMENTS  WITH  MEN. 
PLAN  OF  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

The  plan  of  the  metabolism  experiments  may  be  briefly  outlined  as 
follows : 

A  man  is  selected  who  is  in  good  health,  has  apparently  normal 
digestion,  and  who  does  not  find  the  confinement  in  the  chamber 
uncomfortable.  A  diet  is  selected  which  provides  materials  as  pala- 
table and  in  as  much  variety  as  is  consistent  with  convenient  prepa- 
ration and  with  accurate  sampling  and  analysis.  The  quantity  and 
composition  of  the  diet  are  generally  such  as  to  maintain  the  body 
nearly  in  nitrogen  and  carbon  equilibrium  under  the  conditions  of  the 
experiment,  whether  of  work  or  of  rest.  In  order  that  the  subject 
may  become  accustomed  to  this  diet  and  reach  approximate  nitrogen 
equilibrium  with  it  before  the  experiment  proper  begins,  a  preliminary 
digestion  experiment  of  four  days  or  more  immediately  precedes  the 
metabolism  experiment.  Any  change  found  desirable  is  made,  and  the 
preliminary  experiment  is  continued  until  nitrogen  equilibrium  is  sup- 
posed to  be  reached.  In  most  cases  no  change  has  been  found  neces- 
sary, and  the  i)reliminary  experiment  has  continued  four  days.  During 
the  period  of  the  preliminary  feeding  the  subject  is  in  general  engaged 
in  his  customary  occupation,  but  he  conforms  his  muscular  activity 
more  or  less  to  that  of  the  coming  experiment.  Thus,  if  this  is  to  be 
a  ''work"  experiment,  he  rides  on  a  bicycle  or  walks  a  considerable 
distance  each  day.  If  it  is  to  be  a  ''rest"  experiment,  he  avoids  all 
unnecessary  exercise. 

For  supper  on  the  last  day  (usually  the  fourth)  of  this  preliminary 
digestion  experiment,  about  0.7  gram  of  lampblack  is  taken  with  the 
food,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  separation  of  tbe  feces  of  the  preliminary 
experiment  from  those  of  the  metabolism  experiment  proper  (see  p.  21). 
The  subject  enters  the  chamber  on  the  evening  preceding  the  beginning 
of  the  experiment,  which  commences  at  7  a.  m. 
2821— No.  69 2 


18 

It  is  assumed  that  when  the  subject  has  essentially  the  same  activity 
from  day  to  day,  sleeps  regularly  at  night,  aud  takes  his  meals  regu- 
larly, the  hour  just  before  breakfast  will  be  the  one  at  which  the  body 
will  be  most  nearly  in  uniform  condition  from  day  to  day.  That  is  to 
say,  it  is- believed  that  at  this  hour  there  will  be  the  smallest  amount  of 
material  in  the  alimentary  canal,  and  that  the  quantity  of  glycogen  in 
the  muscles  and  elsewhere  will  be  most  nearly  the  same.  Furthermore, 
duriug  the  period  of  rest  at  night  the  evolution  of  heat,  carbon  dioxid, 
and  water  within  the  chamber  is  very  nearly  constant,  and  the  amount 
of  moisture  adhering  to  the  surface  of  the  walls  of  the  calorimeter  and 
to  the  absorbers  is  probably  less  than  at  any  other  time. 

All  the  determinations  begin  at  7  a.  m.  on  the  day  after  the  subject 
enters  the  chamber,  and  from  this  time  to  the  close  of  the  experiment 
record  is  kept  of  all  observations  which  furnish  data  for  computing 
the  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy.  The  experimental  day 
thus  begins  at  7  a.  m.  In  the  experiments  here  reported  the  day  is 
divided  into  four  j)eriods  of  six  hours  each. 

INCOME  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY— FOOD  AND  DRINK. 

The  income  of  oxygen  furnished  by  the  air  was  not  measured  in  these 
experiments,  and  only  the  income  in  food  and  drink  are  considered. 
The  drink  consisted  of  water  and  of  '^coffee."  This  coffee  infusion  is 
counted  as  water,  since  it  was  found  in  two  tests  that  it  contained  no 
appreciable  amount  of  nitrogen  or  organic  matter.  The  food  materials 
included  lean  beef  freed  from  fat,  dried  beef,  deviled  ham,  eggs,  milk, 
butter,  bread  and  other  cereal  products,  beans,  sugar,  fruit,  and 
occasionally  alcohol. 

PREPARATION  AND  SAMPLINGr  OF  FOOD. 

Considerable  difficulty  is  experienced  in  preparing  the  food  in  such  a 
manner  and  in  such  variety  as  to  provide  both  for  accuracy  of  sam- 
pling and  palatability.  Upon  the  accuracy  in  sampling  depends  the 
accuracy  of  the  whole  experiment,  for  unless  the  sample  represents  the 
exact  composition  of  the  food  consumed  by  the  subject  the  measure- 
ments of  the  income  and  outgo  of  both  matter  and  energy  are  vitiated. 
In  the  earlier  experiments,  Nos.  5-8,  the  food  was  prepared  fresh  each 
day,  and  the  effort  was  made  to  take  the  samples  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  insure  as  great  accuracy  as  possible.  The  beef  was  finely  chopped  in 
a  meat  (gutter,  made  into  balls  of  equal  weight,  and  fried,  one-half  of 
ea(;h  ball  being  given  to  the  subject  and  the  other  half  reserved  for 
analysis.  In  cutting  the  bread  alternate  slices  were  taken  for  food  and 
for  analysis.  In  experiments  in  which  canned  fruit  was  served  a 
sample  can  was  taken  for  analysis,  as  it  was  found  to  be  impracti- 
cable to  sample  the  fruit  and  liquor  accurately.  The  eggs  were  all  of  as 
nearly  the  same  size  and  appearance  as  could  be  found,  and  each  time 


19 

eggs  were  eaten  one  was  taken  for  a  sample.  All  the  other  food  mate- 
rials were  sampled  by  taking  aliquot  portions  at  each  serving.  At  the 
end  of  the  experiment  the  separate  samples  of  each  material  were 
united  in  a  composite  sample,  which  was  analyzed  in  the  usual  manner. 

Experience  showed  tliis  method  of  preparing  and  sampling  the  food 
to  be  open  to  several  objections.  It  was  not  certain  that  the  meat  taken 
for  analysis  did  not  lose  an  appreciable  amount  of  water  while  the  por- 
tion to  be  eaten  was  being  weighed.  If  there  were  such  loss  the  iwr- 
tiou  weighed  last  would  be  the  drier.  Even  if  the  weights  of  meat 
taken  for  eating  and  for  analysis  from  day  to  day  are  the  same,  it  does 
not  necessarily  follow  that  the  composite  sample  for  analysis  will  have 
exactly  the  same  composition  as  the  meat  eaten.  Another  uncertainty 
has  to  do  with  the  slight  errors  which  occur  if  the  sample  of  bread  for 
analysis  contained  more  or  less  crust  than  the  bread  eaten.  Still  more 
uncertain  is  the  similarity  of  composition  of  two  cans  of  fruit,  even 
though  put  up  by  the  same  firm.  While  it  is  probable  that  the  boiled 
eggs  taken  for  analysis  and  those  eaten  were  very  nearly  alike,  weight 
for  weight,  exact  agreement  in  composition  is  neither  proven  nor  x^rob- 
able.  Similar  uncertainties  as  to  the  identity  of  composition  of  the 
portions  taken  for  analysis  and  those  eaten  might  be  suggested  for  the 
other  food  materials. 

These  and  similar  considerations  suggested  by  the  experience  in 
experiments  Nos.  5-8  persuaded  us  that  an  improvement  in  the  method 
of  preparation  and  sampling  of  the  food  materials  was  desirable.  To 
this  end  a  diet  was  selected  which  was  intended  to  be  (1)  as  simple  as 
possible,  (2)  subject  to  little  probability  of  variation  from  day  to  day, 
(3)  easily  prepared,  and  at  the  same  time  (4)  as  palatable  and  agree- 
able to  the  subject  as  practicable.  Quantities  of  each  material  suffi- 
cient for  the  whole  experiment,  with  allowance  for  analysis  and  for  loss, 
were  sealed  in  glass  jars,  each  containing  the  amount  for  one  meal, 
before  the  beginning  of  the  experiment.  The  perishable  materials  were 
sterilized.  The  only  material  not  thus  treated  was  milk.  This  was  pur- 
chased fresh  each  day  and  an  aliquot  sample  taken  and  preserved  with 
formalin.  These  daily  aliquots  were  united  and  the  composite  sami)le 
analyzed.  In  this  way  the  food  for  each  meal  was,  with  the  excei)tion 
of  the  milk,  put  in  cans  and  held  ready  to  be  passed  into  the  chamber 
when  wanted.  This  method,  it  is  believed,  avoids  a  large  proportion 
of  the  errors  involved  in  the  ordinary  sampling  of  the  food.  Since  the 
diiferent  food  materials  were  all  prepared  and  canned  at  the  same  time 
from  the  same  lot  of  material,  the  contents  of  one  jar  or  can  could  not 
vary  greatly  in  composition  from  the  contents  of  another  jar  of  the 
same  material.  Several  jars  of  each  material  were  taken  for  analysis, 
and  it  is  believed  that  these  samples  represent  very  closely  the  food 
eaten  by  the  subject,  and  that  the  food  from  day  to  day  would  contain 
very  nearly  the  same  quantity  of  each  element  and  compound. 


20 

TEMPERATURE    OF    MATERIALS     INTRODUCED    INTO     AND    REMOVED 
FROM   THE   RESPIRATION    CHAMBER. 

To  insure  the  greatest  accuracy  in  measurements  of  income  and  outgo 
of  energy,  the  temperature  of  the  food  and  drink  as  introduced  into  the 
chamber,  as  well  as  that  of  solid  and  liquid  excreta  as  removed,  should 
be  known.  The  errors  involved  by  introducing  or  removing  such 
materials  at  temperatures  varying  but  little  from  that  of  the  chamber, 
which  is  usually  about  20°  C,  are  but  slight,  and  would,  perhaps,  in  the 
course  of  an  experiment  nearly  counterbalance  each  other.  The  follow; 
ing  precautions,  however,  were  taken.  The  temperatures  of  the  coffee, 
milk,  and  water  were  measured  by  inserting  a  thermometer  in  the 
liquid  immediately  before  its  introduction  into  the  respiration  chamber. 
Temperatures  were  read  to  tenths  of  degrees  centigrade.  Beef  canned 
in  glass  jars  was  warmed  in  an  ordinary  water  bath  for  one  hour  before 
use,  and  the  temi^erature  of  the  air  in  the  water  bath  taken  immediately 
before  the  beef  was  to  be  used.  The  bread,  butter,  cereal  products,  etc., 
were  placed  in  a  water  oven  at  a  temperature  of  about  20°  0.,  the  exact 
temperature  being  noted  immediately  before  use.  In  later  experiments 
the  use  of  the  water  bath  at  the  ordinary  temperature  was  discarded, 
the  materials  being  placed  on  a  shelf  against  the  wall  of  the  room  and 
the  temperature  of  the  air  observed.  The  variations  above  or  below 
20^  multiplied  by  the  specific  heat  of  the  substance  gives  a  measure  of 
the  heat  introduced  in  hot  materials  or  the  heat  taken  up  by  cool 
materials. 

The  urine  and  feces  were  usually  allowed  to  remain  in  the  chamber 
until  they  attained  the  temperature  of  the  latter.  In  some  cases  where 
the  urine  was  removed  shortly  after  it  was  voided  its  temperature  was 
taken  and  the  proper  correction  applied. 

ANALYSES   OF   FOOD. 

The  methods  of  analysis  were  mainly  those  adopted  by  the  Associa- 
tion of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists,  but  such  modifications  and 
changes  have  been  made  as  experience  has  shown  to  be  necessary  or 
desirable.' 

OUTGO    OF    MATTER   AND    ENERGY— EXCRETORY    AND  RESPIRA- 
TORY PRODUCTS  AND  RADIATED  HEAT. 

INTESTINAL   EXCRETA. 

The  outgo  of  matter  in  the  feces  includes  both  undigested  material 
and  metabolic  j)roducts.  In  the  experiments  no  attempt  has  been  made 
to  distinguish  between  these,  and  the  feces  are  taken  as  representing 
matter  and  energy  unavailable  for  use  in  the  body.^ 


'  See  diecnssion  of  this  subject  and  description  of  methods  of  sampling  and  of  anal- 
ysis in  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  J3uL  44. 

-For  further  discussion  of  this  subject  see  Storrs  (Conn.)  Sta.  Rpts.  1896,  p.  153, 
and  1897,  p.  163. 


21 

Samplinff  and  analysis. — Various  methods  for  the  separation  of  the 
feces  from  a  given  diet  from  that  of  the  preceding  or  succeeding  diet 
have  been  adopted  by  different  experimenters.  The  metliod  used,  in 
these  experiments  consists  in  administering  a  small  amount  of  lamp- 
black or  powdered  charcoal  in  gelatin  capsules  with  the  meal  immedi- 
ately ijreceding  or  succeeding  the  diet  under  investigation.  For  exam- 
ple, if  it  is  desired  to  begin  with  a  given  diet  at  breakfast  the  lamp- 
black will  be  taken  with  the  supper  on  the  night  previous.  It  has 
been  found  that  the  feces  resulting  from  a  meal  of  bread  and  milk  pos- 
sess a  distinctively  characteristic  consistency  and  facilitate  to  a 
marked  degree  the  separation  of  the  feces  of  a  mixed  diet.  It  has 
therefore  been  our  custom  to  have  a  considerable  amount  of  bread  and 
milk  in  the  meal  with  which  the  lampblack  is  taken.  While  this  is 
not  as  essential  as  was  formerly  supposed,  it  makes  tlie  separation 
more  positive  and  certain.  At  the  same  time  considerable  other  food 
besides  bread  can  be  added  to  the  meal  without  materially  altering  the 
consistency  of  the  feces,  provided  a  fairly  large  amount  of  milk  be 
included.  Experiments  have  been  tried  with  the  use  of  subnitrate  of 
bismuth.  This  reagent  is  colored  black  in  the  feces,  owing  to  the  for- 
mation of  bismuth  sulphid.  While  under  certain  conditions  this 
method  of  separation  may  give  very  excellent  results,  it  is  not  consid- 
ered as  reliable  by  any  means  as  the  lampblack  method. 

For  the  collection  of  the  feces  copper  cans  16  centimeters  long,  11  cen- 
timeters wide,  and  6i  centimeters  deep,  of  an  elliptical  cross  section, 
and.  provided  with  close  fitting  covers,  were  used.  The  cans  were 
weighed  before  being  passed  into  the  respiration  chamber  and  the 
increase  of  weight  on  their  removal  taken  as  the  weight  of  the  fresh 
feces.  The  feces  after  weighing  were  placed  in  shallow  dishes  and 
dried  in  a  water  oven  for  three  or  four  days,  after  which  they  were 
analyzed  according  to  the  usual  method. 

Loss  of  nitrogen  in  drying. — Various  experimenters  have  found  a 
greater  or  less  loss  of  nitrogen  in  drying  feces  from  different  animals. 
In  the  experiments  here  reported  no  attempt  was  made  to  determine 
this  loss  of  nitrogen,  since  preliminary  experiments  had  indicated  that, 
as  the  drying  is  actually  conducted  in  this  laboratory,  the  loss  is  quite 
small.  A  later  and  vsomewhat  extended  series  of  experiments  in  this 
laboratory  confirmed  the  previous  results,  and  indicated  that  the  total 
amount  of  nitrogen  lost  in  drying  the  feces  from  a  four-day  experiment 
for  twenty-four  hours  in  air  in  a  drying  oven  at  about  96°  C.  does  not 
exceed  half  a  gram. 

URINE. 

With  the  exception  of  the  comparatively  small  amount  of  unavailable 
nitrogen  rejected  in  the  feces  practically  all  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  is 
eliminated  in  the  urine  in  the  form  of  urea,  uric  acid,  creatin  and  crea- 
tinin,  and  allied  nitrogenous  compounds.  The  nitrogen  in  the  urine  is 
taken  as  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  protein  compounds  metabolized. 


22 

While  this  is  thecomraon  usage  in  metabolism  experiments,  it  isof  course 
incorrect  in  so  far  as  the  urine  contains  creatinin  and  allied  compounds 
which  were  in  the  food.  The  error  thus  introduced,  however,  is  not 
large.  The  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  organic  combination  in  the  urine 
represent  partially  oxidized  compounds,  and  the  heat  of  combustion  of 
the  dried  residue  of  the  urine  is  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  energy  which 
is  carried  away  from  the  body  in  these  partially  oxidized  compounds. 

Safupling  and  analysis. — The  urine  of  six-hour  periods,  beginning  with 
the  experimental  day  at  7  a.  m.,  was  collected  in  glass  jars,  tightly 
sealed,  and,  after  remaining  in  the  chamber  for  about  three  hours  in 
order  to  come  to  the  temperature  of  the  apparatus,  was  passed  out 
through  the  food  aperture.  It  was  then  weighed  and  its  specific  gravity 
taken,  after  which  an  aliquot  portion,  usually  one-half,  was  reserved  to 
make  a  part  of  a  composite  sample  for  the  day,  and  the  remainder  was 
used  for  the  determination  of  nitrogen  and  other  constituents.  The 
nitrogen  was  determined  in  the  fresh  urine  by  the  Kjeldahl  method. 
Portions  of  100  or  200  grams  of  the  composite  sample  for  the  whole 
experiment  were  evaporated  to  dryness  in  a  i^artial  vacuum,  and  deter- 
minations of  carbon  and  hydrogen  were  made  in  this  dried  residue. 

Loss  of  urea  in  drying. — Even  when  urine  is  dried  in  a  vacuum  at  com- 
paratively low  temperature  there  is  danger  of  some  decomposition  by 
which  nitrogen  may  be  lost,  in  the  form  either  of  ammonia  or,  more  prob 
ably,  of  ammonium  carbonate.  The  process  of  drying  is  also  tedious. 
For  this  reason  in  the  latter  experiments  an  attempt  was  made  to  dry 
the  urine  at  100<^  G.  and  to  determine  the  loss  of  nitrogen  during  this 
drying. 

In  order  to  estimate  the  amount  of  this  loss  of  nitrogen  several 
samples  were  dried  in  a  flask  over  a  water  bath  or  calcium  chlorid 
bath  giving  a  temperature  of  from  100  to  105°  0.  A  current  of  air 
was  forced  through  the  flask  by  means  of  a  water  blast.  This  air  was 
freed  from  carbon  dioxid  by  passing  it  over  soda-lime  before  it  reached 
the  flask.  The  air  as  it  came  from  the  flask  was  passed  through  a 
known  amount  of  a  standard  solution  of  acid  in  another  flask,  after 
which  it  was  dried  by  passing  through  sulphuric  acid  and  the  carbon 
dioxid  removed  by  soda-lime.  After  the  urine  had  been  brought  nearly 
to  dryness  in  the  first  flask,  the  standard  acid  in  the  second  flask  was 
titrated  and  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  ammonia  which  had  been 
absorbed  by  the  acid  was  calculated.  The  increase  in  weight  of  the 
soda  lime  tube  and  the  sulphuric-acid  tube  immediately  following  it 
gave  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxid  that  had  been  given  oft*  from  the 
urine.  In  two  experiments  the  proportions  of  nitrogen  and  of  carbon 
dioxid  given  off  corresponded  quite  nearly  to  the  proportions  in  ammo- 
nium carbonate.  The  natural  inference  was  that  it  would  be  within 
the  limits  of  error  to  assume  that  all  the  nitrogen  and  carbon  lost  in 
drying  were  in  ammonium  carbonate.  Of  course  this  could  not  be 
exactly  true,  because  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  free  carbon  dioxid 
in  the  urine. 


23 

In  experiments  Nos.  5,  6,  7,  and  8  the  urine  was  dried  in  a  partial 
vacuum  at  room  temperature,  and  from  the  results  of  several  special 
experiments  in  which  the  amount  of  ammonia  given  off  was  determined 
it  was  assumed  that  the  loss  of  nitrogen  in  the  drying  was  so  small 
that  it  might  be  left  out  of  account.  In  exx^eriment  No.  9  and  those 
following,  instead  of  drying  the  urine  in  a  partial  vacuum,  as  was  done 
in  experiments  Nos.  5-8,  200  grams  of  fresh  urine  was  evaporated  in  a 
dish  over  a  water  bath.  The  nitrogen  was  determined  in  the  fresh 
urine  and  in  the  dried  residue.  The  difference  between  the  calculated 
weights  of  nitrogen  in  the  200  grams  of  fresh  urine  and  in  the  dried 
residue  was  assumed  to  be  due  to  nitrogen  carried  away  in  combina- 
tion with  carbon  in  the  form  of  ammonium  carbonate,  and  the  corre- 
sponding loss  of  carbon  was  calculated.  The  loss  of  hydrogen  was  so 
small  that  it  was  left  out  of  account. 

Heat  of  combustion  of  urine. — The  heat  of  combustion  of  the  solid 
constituents  of  urine  has  been  determined  by  two  methods,  each  of 
which  has  given,  in  general,  fairly  satisfactory  results.  The  most  satis- 
factory method  is  tliat  described  by  Kellner.'  This  consists  in  satu- 
rating a  cellulose  *' absorption  block"  of  known  weight  and  known  heat 
of  combustion  with  a  known  amount  of  urine,  drying  in  an  oven  at 
about  60°  C,  and  burning  in  the  bomb  calorimeter.  The  total  heat  of 
combustion  of  absorption  block  and  dried  residue  of  urine,  less  that 
of  the  absorption  block,  gives  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  urine. 
The  other  method  consists  in  drying  the  urine  in  a  partial  vacuum  at 
ordinary  room  temperature,  or  over  a  water  bath,  as  described  above, 
and  burning  the  dried  residue  in  the  bomb  calorimeter.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  dried  residue  which  was  prepared  for  determination  of  car- 
bon and  hydrogen  was  used  for  the  determinations  of  heats  of  combus- 
tion. In  the  few  cases  in  which  this  method  was  followed  allowance 
was  made  for  the  heat  of  combuwstion  of  the  urea  estimated  to  be  lost 
as  ammonium  carbonate. 

The  heats  of  combustion  were  determined  in  the  urine  of  the  four 
days  of  the  actual  metabolism  exx>eriment  in  each  case,  but  not  in  that 
of  the  four  days  of  the  preliminary  digestion  experiment.  The  deter- 
minations were  made  in  separate  samples  of  the  urine  of  each  day  and 
in  composite  samples  of  that  of  the  four  days.  The  heats  of  combus- 
tion were  determined,  both  in  the  separate  day  samples  and  in  the 
composite  four-day  samples,  by  the  Kellner  method.  For  the  determi- 
nations in  the  dried  residues,  when  made,  only  the  composite  samples 
were  used.  The  results  are  given  in  the  tables,  for  comparison  with 
those  obtained  by  the  Kellner  method.  In  the  computations  of  energy 
of  outgo  the  results  from  the  individual  day  samples  are  used. 

The  nitrogen  lag.^ — As  was  stated  above,  the  urine  in  these  experi- 
ments is  collected  from  7  a.  m.  on  the  beginning  of  the  experimental 
day  until  7  a.  m.  the  next  day  in  periods  of  six  hours.     One  purpose  of 


'  Landw.  Vers.  Stat.,  47  (1896),  p.  297. 

2U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  44,  pp.  35,36. 


24 

this  division  into  periods  is  to  obtain  information,  if  practicable,  regard- 
ing- the  nitrogen  lag,  i.  e..  the  interval  of  time  during  which  the  excre- 
tion of  nitrogen  higs  behind  the  metabolism  in  the  body.  We  have 
found  comparatively  few  data  for  determining  the  exact  duration  of 
this  lag.  It  is  not  known,  for  instance,  at  what  time  the  nitrogen  of 
the  food  eaten  for  breakfast  begins  to  appear  in  the  urine,  nor  when  the 
nitrogen  of  the  food  eaten  for  supper  of  any  given  day  is  all  metabolized 
and  excreted.  Still  less  do  we  know  how  long  a  period  intervenes 
between  the  metabolism  of  nitrogen  of  tissue  and  its  excretion.  It  is 
believed  by  some  experimenters  that,  under  ordinar}^  conditions,  the 
actual  nitrogen  consumed  in  the  food  is  soon  excreted.  In  previous 
exi)erimeuts'  of  this  series  a  lag  of  six  hours  is  assumed  in  one  case 
and  twelve  hours  in  another.  One  advantage  in  making  the  diet  uni- 
form for  the  four  days  preceding  the  metabolism  experiments,  as  has 
been  done  in  the  cases  here  reported,  is  that  during  this  time  the  sub- 
ject will  reach  approximate  nitrogen  equilibrium  and  that  for  the  pur- 
pose of  the  experiment  the  "nitrogen  day,"  i.  e.,  the  twenty-four  hours 
during  which  the  nitrogen  is  excreted  may  be  taken  as  coincident  with 
the  experimental  day,  thus  allowing  for  no  lag.  This  i)robably  gives 
results  as  nearly  correct  as  would  be  obtained  by  any  such  arbitrary 
assumption.  The  data  are,  however,  given  in  the  tables  by  which  the 
calculations  can  be  revised  to  allow  for  a  nitrogen  lag  of  six,  twelve,  or, 
in  some  cases,  twenty-four  hours'  duration.  For  this  purpose  the  nitro- 
gen in  the  urine  is  determined  for  periods  of  from  six  to  twenty-four 
hours  after  the  end  of  each  experiment. 

PERSPIRATION  PRODUCTS — ELIMINATION  OF  NITROGEN. 

The  amount  of  matter  eliminated  in  the  perspiration  is  not  large. 
During  several  of  the  rest  experiments  it  was  found  that  the  nitrogen 
thus  eliminated  amounted  to  less  than  25  milligrams  per  day.  In  work 
experiments,  on  the  other  hand,  as  much  as  0.2  gram  of  nitrogen  was 
eliminated  by  the  skin  in  a  day. 

The  nitrogen  of  perspiration  was  determined  as  follows:  The  subject 
took  an  ordinary  bath  and  afterward  rinsed  his  body  with  distilled 
water  before  entering  the  chamber.  His  underclothing,  which  was  of 
medium  weight,  was  carefully  rinsed  with  distilled  water  after  the  usual 
washing.  He  liad  a  clean  suit  of  underclothes  every  night  to  replace 
the  suit  worn  during  the  day.  The  latter  suit  was  washed  with  dis- 
tilled water,  which  was  then  evaporated  nearly  to  dryness  and  the 
nitrogen  in  the  residue  was  determined  by  the  Kjeldahl  method.  The 
nitrogen  of  the  products  of  perspiration  was  thus  determined  in  rest 
ex])eriments  Nos.  5  and  7,  and  in  all  the  work  experiments. 

RESPIRATION  PRODUCTS— CARBON  AND  HYDROGEN. 

In  all  the  experiments  the  only  respiratory  products  determined  were 
carbon  dioxid  and  water.     From  these  the  carbon  and  hydrogen  were 

'U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  44,  pp.  49,  52,  61. 


25 

calculated.  The  amounts  of  intestinal  gases,  as  methane,  and  of  other 
volatile  organic  products  given  off  from  the  body  of  the  subject,  were 
believed  to  be  very  small  and  are  here  left  out  of  account.'  We  hope, 
however,  to  find  means  later  for  determining  these  substances,  and  also 
for  determining  the  amount  of  oxygen  used  from  the  air  current. 

The  method  of  measuring,  sampling,  and  analyzing  the  air  of  the  ven- 
tilating current  was  described  in  detail  in  a  previous  bulletin.^  In  brief, 
the  volume  is  now  measured  by  a  meter  pump  of  special  construction, 
which  serves  the  threefold  purpose  of  maintaining  the  current,  measur- 
ing and  recording  the  volume  automatically,  and  delivering  aliquot 
samples  of  one-hundredths  of  the  whole  amount  for  analysis.  In  the 
experiments  here  recorded,  however,  samples  drawn  by  aspirators  were 
used  for  analysis.  The  aspirators,  also  described  in  the  bulletin  just 
referred  to,  are  arranged  to  take  samples  of  both  the  incoming  and  out- 
going air.  The  samples  are  drawn  continuously  during  the  six  hour 
periods.  Each  sample  represents  not  far  from  one  oue-hundred-and- 
sixtieth  of  the  total  current. 

These  analyses  of  both  incoming  and  outgoing  air  were  made  in 
duplicate,  save  that  in  the  earlier  experiments,  Nos.  6,  6,  and  7,  the 
analyses  of  the  incoming  air  were  not  duplicated.  The  justification  for 
omitting  the  duplicates  is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  carbon  dioxid  varies 
but  little  from  day  to  day,  and  still  less  from  six-hour  period  to  six-hour 
period,  and  that  the  water  is  frozen  out  of  the  incoming  air  current 
before  the  sample  is  taken,  so  that  the  amount  remaining  in  this  current 
as  actually  analyzed  is  extremely  small  and  quite  constant.  On  this 
supposition,  the  analyses  of  the  air  of  the  four  six-hour  periods  serve 
in  a  sense  the  purpose  of  duplication.  In  the  later  exx^eriments,  how- 
ever, duplicate  samples  of  the  incoming  as  well  as  the  outgoing  air  were 
taken  by  the  aspirators  and  analyzed.  In  still  later  experiments  not 
yet  described,  samj)les  of  the  outgoing  air  were  taken  by  aid  of  the 
meter  pumps  and  analyzed,  so  that  the  analysis  of  the  outgoing  air  was 
made  in  quadruplicate. 

The  samples  of  incoming  and  outgoing  air  were  taken  by  the  aspira- 
tors from  the  current  immediately  before  and  immediately  after  it  left 
the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter.  The  water  in  both  the  incoming  and 
outgoing  air  was  mostly  removed  by  coolers  before  the  samples  were 
taken.  This  cooling  was  accomplished  by  passing  the  air  through  a 
"freezer"  consisting  of  copper  pipes  immersed  in  cold  brine,  so  that  the 
temperature  was  reduced  to  not  far  from  — 20°  C.  The  freezers  in  which 
the  outgoing  air  current  was  cooled  were  specially  adapted  for  weighing. 
In  this  way  the  larger  portion  of  the  water  of  respiration  and  i)erspira- 
tion  was  condensed,  and  its  amount  directly  determined.    After  iDassing 

'See  Billings,  Mitchell,  and  Bergey,  on  the  Composition  of  Expired  Air  and  its 
Effects  upon  Animal  Life,  Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1895;  and  Bergey, 
Methods  for  the  Determination  of  Organic  Matter  in  Air,  Washington,  Smithsonian 
Institution,  1896. 

2U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 


26 

tbe  freezer  the  air  was  sampled,  aud  the  carbon  dioxid  and  the  remain- 
ing water  were  determined.  The  determination  of  water  was  made  by 
l^assiug  the  sample  through  a  U-tube  containing  pumice  stone  saturated 
with  sulphuric  acid.  The  carbon  dioxid  was  removed  by  soda  lime 
contained  in  other  U -tubes.  The  exact  arrangement  of  tubes  and 
details  of  calculations  have  been  referred  to  in  the  previous  bulletins 
above  cited. 

THE   DETERMINATION    OF   ALCOHOL   ELIMINATED   THROUaH   THE 
KIDNEYS,   LUNGS,   AND   SKIN. 

Since  a  portion  of  the  alcohol  ingested  may  be  excreted  through  the 
kidneys,  lungs,  and  skin  it  is  essential,  in  experiments  on  the  metab- 
olism of  matter  and  energy  in  which  alcohol  makes  part  of  the  diet, 
to  determine  the  amount  of  alcohol  which  thus  escapes  oxidation.^  It 
becomes  necessary,  therefore,  to  examine  the  urine,  outgoing  air  cur- 
rent, freezer  water,  and  drip  water  for  the  presence  of  alcohol.  In  the 
last  two  we  should  expect  to  find  so  much  of  the  alcohol  eliminated 
from  the  lungs  and  skin  as  was  condensed  with  the  water  either  on  the 
absorbers  or  in  the  freezers.  The  remainder  of  the  alcohol  from  the 
lungs  and  skin  would  be  in  the  air  current.^  The  urine  and  the  drip 
and  freezer  waters  were  subjected  to  fractional  distillation  to  separate 
the  alcohol,  which  was  finally  determined  by  oxidation  with  chromic 
acid  by  the  method  described  by  Bodlander.^  An  aliquot  sample  of 
the  main  air  current  was  drawn  through  bulbs  containing  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid  where  all  the  alcohol  vapor  was  absorbed.*  The  alcohol 
thus  retained  was  determined,  as  before,  by  oxidation  with  chromic 
acid.  The  amount  of  alcohol  thus  estimated  to  be  given  off  from  the 
body  unoxidized  was  in  each  case  very  small.  The  figures  for  the 
amounts  thus  determined  in  exjieriment  No.  7  are  given  in  Table  41. 
Similar  determinations  in  experiment  No.  10,  as  made  by  the  modified 
method  described  beyond,  are  shown  in  Table  83.  The  highest  amount, 
somewhat  over  4  per  cent  of  the  amount  ingested,  was  observed  on  a 
single  day  in  experiment  No.  7. 

We  have  found,  however,  that  these  figures  are  not  correct.  The 
method  used  for  the  determination  of  the  alcohol  in  experiment  No.  7 
involves  at  least  two  errors,  both  of  which  make  the  amount  as  deter- 
mined too  lar^e.  One  error  occurs  in  the  determination  of  alcohol  by 
the  cliromate  method.  The  other  is  due  to  the  presence  of  reducing 
mati'iial,  other  tlian  alcohol,  in  the  air.  This  latter  error  also  applies 
to  the  determinations  in  experiment  No.  10.     Both  of  these  sources  of 


'It  is  here  assumed  that  the  feces  would  contain  no  considerable  amount  of  the 
alcohol  ingested,  though  they  might  contain  an  appreciable  amount  of  alcohol  as  a 
product  of  fermentation.     Sec  Bodl.'indei-  in  Arch.  Physiol.  [Pfliiger],  32,  (1883),  p.  424. 

-It  is  hero  assumed  that  no  (^onsiderabh;  amount  of  alcohol  would  be  absorbed  and 
retained  by  the  clothing. 

•''Arch.  Physiol.  [Plliiger],  'A2,  (1883),  p.  398. 

^8ee  15ene<lict  and  Norrison  "The  Determination  of  Small  Quantities  of  Alcohol," 
Jour.  Amer.  Chein.  Soc,  20  (1898;,  p.  299. 


27 

error  have  been  made  the  subject  of  especial  investigation  in  this 
laboratory.  * 

An  account  of  the  investigations  upon  the  chromate  method  has 
already  been  published.^  From  this  it  appears  that  in  the  method 
described  by  Bodliinder  the  end  reaction  is  not  sharp  and,  in  our 
experience,  the  results  obtained  are  too  large.  In  view  of  the  necessity 
of  as  accurate  measurements  as  possible  of  small  quantities  of  alcohol, 
a  modification  of  this  method  was  devised  and  has  been  described.' 
This  consists  essentially  in  collecting  the  alcohol  in  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid,  oxidizing  it  with  potassium  bichromate  in  excess,  reducing 
the  remainder  of  the  chromic  acid  by  a  slij^ht  excess  of  a  solution  of 
ferrous  ammonium  sulphate  and  determining  the  excess  of  ferrous  iron 
by  titration  with  potassium  permanganate  solution.  The  accuracy  of 
this  modified  method  was  tested  by  a  considerable  number  of  exper- 
iments in  which  known  and  very  small  amounts  of  alcohol  were  added 
to  water,  to  urine,  and  to  a  current  of  air.  The  results  obtained  in  all 
these  tests  were  reasonably  accurate.  In  no  instance  did  the  error 
exceed  a  small  percentage  of  even  the  very  small  amount  of  alcohol 
used.    The  details  are  given  in  the  article  referred  to. 

The  quantities  of  reducing  matter  in  the  air  were  studied  by  experi- 
ments of  several  kinds.  A  current  of  ordinary  air  drawn  through  a 
solution  of  potassium  bichromate  in  sulphuric  acid  showed  more  or  less 
reduction  even  after  j^assing  through  tubes  packed  with  cotton.  The 
use  of  a  moistened  air  filter,  as  suggested  by  Eemsen,^  is  in  these 
experiments  objectionable,  because  it  is  desirable  to  use  the  same  air 
current  for  both  moisture  and  alcohol  determinations.  In  several 
experiments  in  which  the  man  had  no  alcohol  the  quantity  of  reducing 
material  in  the  air  was  determined  by  the  modified  method  for  the 
determination  of  alcohol  just  mentioned;  that  is  to  say,  the  sample 
of  the  outgoing  air  current  was  drawn  through  sulphuric  acid  and  the 
reducing  matter  determined — as  in  the  case  of  the  alcohol  experiments — 
by  the  use  of  chromic  acid,  ferrous  ammonium  sulphate,  and  potassium 
permanganate  solutions.  In  every  case  the  reduction  was  consider- 
able, though  there  were  slight  variations  in  the  amounts  on  different 
days  and  in  different  experiments.  The  amount  of  reduction  in  these 
experiments  without  alcohol  was  such  as  to  correspond  to  from  0.96 
gram  to  1.20  grams  of  alcohol  in  the  air  from  the  chamber  during  a 
period  of  twenty-four  hours.  The  amount  of  reduction  found  in  the 
experiments  in  which  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet  ranged  from 
0.71  gram  to  1.05  grams  in  twenty-four  hours.  In  other  words,  the 
amount  of  reducing  material  in  these  particular  experiments  appears 
to  be  very  nearly  the  same  without  as  with  alcohol  in  the  diet.  The 
natural  inference  would  be  that  what  was  called  alcohol  in  the  outgoing 
current  of  air  consisted  of  other  reducing  substances.  We  should, 
however,  be  unwilling  to  make  any  such  positive  assertion  without 

'See  Benedict  and  Norris  on  "The  Determination  of  Small  Quantities  of  Alcohol/' 
Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  20  (1898),  p.  293. 

2 Natl.  Bd.  Health  Bui.,  Washington,  1  (1879-80),  p.  233;  2  (1880-81),  p.  517. 


28 

further  experiment.  Meanwhile  we  may  add  that  confirmation  of  the 
at  least  approximate  correctness  of  this  method  of  determining  the  dif- 
ferences in  the  quantity  of  reducing  matter  in  the  air  current  and 
detecting  the  addition  of  small  quantities  of  alcohol  to  the  air  in  the 
chamber  were  found  in  some  incidental  observations  connected  with 
the  experiments.  In  one  case,  as  stated  elsewhere,  a  small  amount  of 
coffee  containing  alcohol  was  accidentally  spilled  upon  the  copper  floor 
of  the  chamber.  As  the  amount  was  known,  approximately,  a  corre- 
sponding quantity  was  given  to  the  subject  to  make  up  the  regular 
daily  ration.  The  alcohol  thus  spilled  naturally  evaporated  and  was 
carried  out  in  the  air  current.  The  amount  of  alcohol  found  for  this 
day  in  the  outgoing  air  current  exceeded  the  usual  amount  by  very 
nearly  the  amount  spilled.  In  an  experiment  made  since  those  here 
described  alcohol  in  the  form  of  whisky  was  taken  with  sugar  and 
water.  The  mixing  was  generally  done  outside  the  chamber,  but  in 
one  case  the  materials  were  passed  into  the  chamber  separately  and 
there  mixed.  In  the  mixing  the  whisky  was  poured  into  a  cup  and  the 
sugar  and  water  were  added  later.  Opportunity  was  thus  given  for  an 
evaporation  of  a  small  amount  of  the  alcohol  of  the  whisky.  Larger 
amounts  of  alcohol  were  found  in  the  air  current  than  in  the  other 
days  when  the  mixing  was  done  outside. 

These  observations  seem  to  warrant  the  following  inferences:  (1)  The 
modified  method,  as  above  described,  gives  a  very  nearly  accurate  meas- 
ure of  the  small  amounts  of  alcohol  and  other  reducing  material  in  the 
air  current,  in  the  urine,  and  in  the  drip  water  and  freezer  water;  (2) 
in  the  determination  of  alcohol  in  the  air  current  an  allowance  should 
be  made  for  other  reducing  materials.  It  seems  to  us  not  improbable 
that  allowances  should  also  be  made  for  the  small  amounts  of  reduc- 
ing material  other  than  alcohol  in  the  urine  and  the  freezer  and  drip 
waters.  The  need  of  further  investigation  of  the  subject  is  evident, 
and  such  investigation  is  now  being  made.  Meanwhile  it  seems  proper 
to  state  the  amounts  as  actually  found  without  making  corrections. 
(.'3)  Under  the  circumstances  of  thesie  experiments,  in  which  approxi- 
mately 72  grams  of  alcohol  was  administered  daily  in  six  doses,  the 
quantity  of  alcohol  eliminated  could  not  have  been  more  than  IJ  grams 
per  (lay,  or  about  2  i^er  cent  of  the  whole.  If  an  allowance  for  reduc- 
ing material  other  than  alcohol  in  the  air  current  was  based  upon  the 
determinations  thus  far  made,  there  would  be  practically  no  alcohol 
remaining  which  could  have  been  excreted  through  the  lungs  and  skin, 
and  the  total  amount  which  could  have  been  eliminated  daily  in  the 
urine  and  otlierwise  would  be  inconsiderable. 

The  details  of  the  determinations  of  alcohol  and  other  reducing 
matters  are  not  reported  in  this  bulletin. 

It  is  theoretically  possible  that  i)roducts  of  the  partial  oxidation  of 
alcohol,  such  as  aldehyde  and  acetic  acid,  may  have  been  eliminated  by 
the  kidneys,  lungs,  or  skin  in  these  experiments,  but  we  are  not  aware 


22 

of  any  evidence  which  would  lead  us  to  expect  such  elimiuation  to  any- 
considerable  extent.  Efforts  were  made  to  tind  evidence  of  aldehyde 
and  acetic  acid  in  the  urine,  drip  and  freezer  waters,  and  outgoing  air 
currents,  but  not  even  traces  were  detected.  The  tests,  however,  were 
not  sufficiently  delicate  to  warrant  the  atUrmation  that  no  traces  of 
these  substances  were  present  and  the  time  at  our  disposal  did  not 
suffice  for  devising  tests  which  would  be  conclusive. 

MEASUREMENT  OF  HEAT  RADIATED  FROM  THE  BODY. 

The  details  of  the  method  of  measuring  the  heat  given  off  by  the 
subject  were  described  in  the  bulletin  referred  to  above.  These  meas- 
urements were  made  from  the  time  the  subject  entered  the  chamber  on 
the  evening  preceding  the  commencement  until  the  close  of  the  experi- 
ment, at  7  a.  m.  on  the  fourth  day  following.  The  measurements  for 
the  experiment  proper  began  at  7  a  m. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  MEN. 

In  planning  a  metabolism  experiment  for  the  study  of  a  given  ques- 
tion, as  stated  above,,  the  diet  should  be  arranged  to  fulfill  three  condi- 
tions: (1)  It  should  be  palatable  and  of  such  variety  that  the  subject 
will  not  tire  of  it  during  the  experiment:  (13)  it  should  furnish  the 
amounts  of  nitrogen  (protein)  and  energy  desired  for  the  i)urposeof  the 
experiment;  and  (3)  the  food  materials  should  be  in  such  forms  as  to 
admit  of  accurate  sampling. 

In  the  description  of  each  exi^erimeut  the  menu  or  ration  for  each 
day  is  shown.  A  daily  programme  is  made  out  which  serves  as  a 
guide  both  for  the  subject  and  for  those  conducting  the  experiment.  It 
shows  the  hours  at  which  the  subject  is  expected  to  rise  and  retire,  the 
hours  at  which  he  shall  receive  his  meals,  and  when  lie  shall  weigh 
himself  and  the  system  of  absorbers  inside  the  apparatus.  This  pro- 
gramme follows  the  menu  in  the  description  of  each  exi)eriment. 

During  each  experiment  the  subject  keeps  a  diary,  or  record,  showing 
the  results  of  all  determinations  of  weights  and  temperatures  made  by 
himself  in  the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter.  A  summary  of  this  diary 
follows  the  programme  in  the  description  of  each  experiment. 

The  subject  of  experiments  Nos.  5  to  10  here  described  was  Mr.  E. 
Osterberg,  who  was  also  the  subject  of  experiments  Nos.  1  and  2,  and 
of  a  number  of  later  experiments.  He  was  31  years  of  age,  5  feet  8 
inches  (1.87  meters)  in  height,  and  weighed  about  150  i^ounds  (68  kilo- 
grams). He  was  in  excellent  health  and  accustomed,  as  laboratory 
janitor  and  chemical  assistant,  to  moderate  muscular  labor. 

COMPOSITION   OF   FOOD   MATERIALS,  ETC.,  OF  EXPERIMENTS 

NOS.  5-10. 

The  composition  of  all  the  food  materials  used  in  the  experiments 
described  in  this  bulletin  is  given  in  Table  3,  page  30.  The  methods  of 
analysis  were  referred  to  on  page  20.     Attention  is  called  to  the  fact 


30 


tbat  the  protein  is  in  all  cases  compnted  by  multiplying  the  total  nitro- 
gen by  the  factor  6.25.  In  cases  where  the  amount  of  carbohydrates 
is  so  small  as  to  be  neglected,  as  in  meats,  the  sum  of  the  percentages 
of  water,  protein,  fat,  and  ash  may  be  more  than  100.^ 

Tahle  3. — Composition  of  food  materials  and  feces  in  metahoUsm  experiments  Xos.  5-10. 


2783 
2796 
2782 
2789 
2795 
2821 
2835 
2839 
2788 
2781 
2790 
2798 
2819 
2785 
2793 
2801 
2827 
2833 
2843 
2784 
2799 
2800 
2826 
2836 
2846 
2802 
2804 
2815 
2803 
2834 
2844 
2830 
2840 
2831 
2842 
2829 
2841 
2780 
2791 
2797 
2817 
2823 
2779 


Food  material  aud. 

feces. 


Beef,  dried  . . . 

...do  

Beef,  cooked.. 

....do  

....do 

....do  

do  

do  

Ham,  deviled . 
Eggs,  l)oil('d . . 

do  

do 

do  

Butter 

do  


.2  6 ;  Nitro- 

ct^l  geu. 


....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Milk,  whole 

do  

do  

do  

Milk,  skiiiinied 

do  

Bread,  rye 

do  

do  

Bread,  white? 

do  

do   

Wlicat  l)r('ak fast  food 

do  

Maizi;  breakfast  food. 

do  

Ginger  siiaps 

do 

Beans,  baked 

do  

do  

do  

Al»J)l«-H 

Pears,  canned 

'  U.  S.  Dept. 


5 
7 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
6 
5 
6 
7 


Ter  ct. 

3.93 

3.91 

4.59 

4.77 

4.08 

5.06 

4.10 

4.34 

2.64 

2.02 

2.24 

l.GO 

1.98 

.17 

.16 

.19 

.25 

.19 

.10 

.."iS 

.48 

.56 

.55 

.52 

.53 

1.37 

1.34 

1.58 

1.33 

1.34 

],33 

1.58 

1.75 

1.78 

1.88 

.96 

.92 

1.26 

1.15 

1.00 

1.05 

.04 

.04 


Car- 
bon. 


^rlf^'Water. 
gen.    ! 


Per  ct.  Per  ct.Per  ct. 

11.  bl  I  2.25  !  60.1 

14.31  I  2.16  65.4 
19.00  '  2.69  64.2 

21.28  3.05  I  60.3 

17.29  2.59  !  66.8 
21.62  3.11  59.8 
16. 35  2.  25  67.  3 
16.  31  2. 34  67.  6 
36.11  4.91  42.2 
14.89  2.28  i  74.5 
14.39  2.19  !  73.2 
10.96  1.77  79.9 
15.27  I  2.29  74.3 
66.84  j  10.46  8.1 
62.82  10.34  9.3 
62.75  I  9.84  9.7 
63.  65  :  10. 10  10. 0 
62.68  :  10.27  10.2 
64.42  I  10.01  9.9 

7.58  1.14  85.3 

8.  27  1.  23  85.  3 

6. 76  .  99  87. 0 

7.  89  1. 15  85.  0 

4.04  :  .57  90.7 

4. 15  .  61  90. 4 

25.  32  3.  57  44.  0 

25. 71  3.  53  42.  2 

27. 65  4.  00  37. 1 

25. 46  3.  85  43.  9 

24.  53  3.  54  44. 7 

26. 15  3. 84  41.  0 

41. 32  5. 78  7. 5 
41. 20  6. 03  7. 2 
44. 34  6. 45  5. 6 
41.39  0.49  4.9 
44. 45  6. 48  5. 2 
42. 73  6. 45  4. 3 
13.53  1.80  68.8 
12.44  1.73  I  71.4 
12.56  1.78  '  70.9 
11.92  1.70  71.9 

6.40  .67  I  84.8 

7.65  1.18  79.6 


Pro- 
tein 
(NX 
6.25). 


Fat. 


Agr  ,  Office  of  Experiment 


Per  ct. 
24.6 
24.4 
28.7 
29.8 
25.5 
31.6 
25.6 
27.2 
16.5 
12.6 
14.0 
10.0 
12.4 

1.1 

1.0 

1.2 

1.0 

1.2 
.6 

3.6 

3.0 

3.5 

3.4 

3.3 

3.3 

8.5 

8.4 

9.9 

8.3 

8.4 

8.3 

9.9 
10.9 
11.1 
11.8 

6.0 

5.8 

7.9 

7.2 

6.2 

6.6 
.2 
.3 

Stations  Bui 


Per  ct, 

7.8 

2.8 

5.5 

8.7 

6.7 

7.1 

5.4 

3.3 

36.9 

■  11.0 

11.3 

9.1 

10.9 

88.3 

87.3 

85.9 

85.2 

84.8 

87.3 

5.4 

5.4 

4.8 

5.1 

.1 

.1 

.3 

.6 

.1 

1.6 

.2 

.2 

1.6 

1.5 

8.7 

8.2 

9.5 

6.2 

.6 

.4 

1.0 

.3 

.5 


Carbo- 

hy 
drates. 


Per  ct. 


Ash. 


4.9 

5.6 

3.9 

5.8 

5.1 

5.4 

45.6 

47.0 

51.2 

45.0 

44.3 

49.0 

77.7 

78.3 

71.1 

73.4 

75.6 

80.8 

20.6 

19.2 

19.9 

19.0 

14.2 

19.0 

44,  p. 


Per  ct. 
7.6 
7.2 
1.8 
2.1 
1.3 
1.7 
1.6 
1.9 
4.0 

.9 
1.0 

.7 
1.0 
2.5 
2.4 
3.2 
3.2 
3.8 
2.2 

.8 

.7 


1.6 
1.6 
1.7 
1.2 
2.4 
1.5 
3.3 
2.1 
3.5 
1.7 
3.7 
2.9 
2.1 
1.8 
2.0 
2.2 
.3 
.2 


Heats  of 
combus- 
tion per 
gram,  de- 
termined. 


25. 


31 

Taulk  3. — Composition  of  food  viaienals  and  feces  in  nietoholism  experiments  Nos.  5-10- 

Coutiuuecl. 


>> 

o 
%  6 

ei 
h3 

Food  material   and 
feces. 

■V 
'A 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein 

(NX 
6.25) 

Fat. 

Carbo- 

hy- 
drates. 

Ash. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion per 
j^ram,  de- 
termined. 

2792 

Pears,  canned 

Pears,  average  of  2779 
and  2792 

G 

7 

(') 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 

Per  ct. 
0.05 

.04 

1.31 
1.29 
1.81 
1.77 
1.19 
1.57 

Per  ct. 
7.01 

7.33 
42.10 
10.97 
10.64 
13.43 
14.90 
12.60 
13.44 

Per  ct. 
1.18 

1.18 
6.48 
1.47 
1.56 
1.77 
2.04 
'1.74 
1.82 

Per  ct. 

81.4 

80.5 

Per  ct. 
0.3 

.3 

Per  ct. 

0.2 

.5 

Per  ct. 
17,9 

18.5 

100.0 

5.1 

5.6 

7.6 

Per  ct. 
0.2 

.2 

4.0 
3.6 
5.2 
5.6 
4.4 
4.8 

Calories. 
0.759 

.769 

2786 

3.  960 

2806 

Feces  

78.2 
78.6 
71.0 
69.7 
72.9 
71.0 

8.2 
8.1 
11.3 
11.1 
7.4 
9.8 

4.5 
4.1 
4.9 

1.141 

2808 

do        

1.194 

2810 

do  

1.530 

2825 

do  

5. 9         7.  7 

1.643 

2838 

....do 

3.9 
4.2 

11.4 
10.2 

1..343 

2848 

do    

1.445 

'  TJsed  in  all  the  experiments. 


DETAILS   OF   METABOLISM   EXPERIMENT   NO.  5.' 

A  general  description  of  the  routine  of  the  ex[)eriiiients  and  an  expla- 
nation of  the  results  as  tabulated  can  best  be  given  in  counection  with 
the  details  of  one  of  the  experiments.  Number  5,  the  first  of  the  series 
here  described,  will  suffice  for  this  purpose,  although  this,  like  others 
of  the  earlier  experiments,  is  less  satisfactory  than  those  made  after 
experience  had  been  gained. 

This  experiment  began  May  4,  1897,  and  continued  four  days.  Tiie 
preliminary  period,  which  is  usually  four  days,  was  increased  in  this 
case  to  eight  days,  as  unexpected  circumstances  delayed  the  starting 
of  the  experiment  proper.  The  subject  entered  the  calorimeter  at  about 
9  o'clock  on  the  evening  of  May  3.  During  the  night  the  usual  meas- 
urements of  heat  were  made  and  the  temperatures  of  the  interior  of  the 
chamber — i.  e.,  (1)  the  air  inside,  (2)  the  incoming  and  outgoing  air  cur- 
rents, (3)  the  two  metal  walls  of  the  chamber,  and  (4)  the  air  immedi- 
ately surrounding  the  chamber,  were  brought  as  near  together  as 
practicable;  the  temperature  and  rate  of  flow  of  the  Avater  current  were 
regulated  so  as  to  carry  out  the  heat  as  rapidly  as  it  Avas  given  off  by 
the  subject,  and  other  details  of  manipulation  were  arranged  so  that 
when  the  experiment  began  at  7  a.  m..  May  4,  everything  was  in  satis- 
factory condition.  The  bed  and  bedding,  chair,  table,  etc.,  were  weighed 
before  and  after  the  experiments,  but  no  appreciable  changes  in  weight 
were  observed.  The  diet  was  more  varied  than  that  of  some  of  the 
later  experiments.  The  methods  of  sampling  were  not  satisfactory, 
which  may  account  in  part  for  the  unusually  wide  discrepancies  between 


'  Experiments  Nos.  1  to  4  were  reported  in  Bulletin  44  of  this  Office.     In  these  the 
metabolism  of  matter  only  was  studied. 


32 

the  tlieoretical  values  for  income  and  those  actually  found  for  outgo  of 
energy.     The  daily  menu  in  this  experiment  was  as  follows: 

Table  4. — Daily  menu — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


Menu. 


BBEAKFAST 

Boiled  eggs 

Butter 

Milk 

Rye  bread 

Sugar 

Coflfee 

DINNER. 

Beef,  fried 

Butter 

Milk 

Eye  bread 


Grams. 


95 

15 

250 

100 

15 

290 

120 
10 
25 

100 


Menu. 


DINNER — continued . 

Baked  beans 

Canned  pears 

Sugar 

Coffee 

SUPPER. 

Dried  beef 

Butter 

Milk 

Rye  bread 

Sugar 

Coffee 


Grams. 


125 

150 

10 

300 

25 

10 

500 

125 

10 

30C 


The  beef  was  cooked  in  the  form  of  "Hamburg  steak;"  i.  e.,  finely 
chopped  ill  a  meat  cutter  and  fried.  A  little  onion  was  added  to  make 
the  meat  palatable  to  the  subject.  The  eggs  were  "hard  boiled"  and 
were  eaten  with  salt  and  pepper.  The  quantity  of  pepper  was  too 
small  to  take  into  account  in  computing  the  income  of  organic  matter. 
The  dried  beef  was  eaten  cold  without  preparation  other  than  cutting 
in  thin  slices.  Ordinary  creamery  butter  was  used  5  it  was  kept  in  a 
refrigerator,  together  with  the  baked  beans,  the  canned  pears,  and  the 
milk.  The  milk  was  procured  fresh  each  day,  as  was  the  bread,  which 
was  obtained  from  a  local  bakery.  Three  hundred  grams  of  warm  coffee 
infusion  was  served  with  each  meal ;  it  was  prepared  in  the  usual  way. 

The  following  is  the  daily  programme  for  this  experiment,  although, 
owing  to  lack  of  experience,  it  was  not  followed  as  closely  as  in  the 
later  experiments : 

Table  5. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


7.OU  a.  ni  .. 

Rise,  pass  urine,  weigh  self  dressed, 

6.30  p.  m  - . 

Supper. 

colle<;t  drip,  weigli  absorbers. 

7.00  p.  m  . . 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh  ab- 

7.30 a.  Ill  . . 

Breakfast. 

sorbers. 

1.00  J),  m  .. 

Pass  urine,  collect  drij),  weigh  ab- 

10.00 p.  Ill  . 

Pass  urine,  drink  water,  weigli  self 

sorbers. 

dressed, retire. 

L.'JO  p.  Ill  . . 

ninner. 

1.00  a.  ni  .. 

Pass  urine. 

3.30  i».  ra  . . 

Drink  water. 

33 

The  diary  of  the  subject  was  begun  tlie  second  day.     It  is  summa- 
rized in  Table  0. 

Table  6. — Summari/  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


May  5, 
5, 
5, 
5, 
5, 
5, 
5, 
5, 


,00  a.m. 
.45  a.  m. 
.00  a.m. 
00  m  . . . 
.00  p.m. 
00  p.m. 
,00p.m. 
.50  p.m. 


6,  1  00  a.  m . 


00  a.m. 
10  a.m. 
30  a.  m. 
30  a.m. 
30  p.m. 
00  p.m. 
30  p.  m. 
45  p.  m. 
10  p.m. 
30  p.m. 
20 


1>- 


30  p.  m. 
00  a.m. 
.10a.m. 
.40 


a.  in. 
00  a.m. 
.00 


m. 


00  p.m. 
00  p.  m- 
00  p.  m . 
10  p.m. 
00  p.m. 
00  p.m. 
00  a.m. 
10  a.m. 
20  a.m. 


Time. 


1897. 


"Weight  of 
subject 

with 
clothes. 


KilograwjS. 
69.31 


69.09 


Pulse 
rate  i)er 
minute. 


54 
68 
69 
67 
68 
68 
73 


55 
70 
71 


69.64 


69.05 


69.39 


68.82 


77 


73 


Tempera- 
ture. 


°F, 


97.4 
97.8 
98.8 
99.0 
99.6 
99.6 
99.2 


96.2 
98.0 
98.9 


99.6 
99.2 


56 
68 
66 
67 


66 
7.') 


57 


99.0 
99.0 
98.8 


96.6 

98.6 
98.8 
98.9 
99.2 


99.2 
99.9 


96.8 


Hygrometer. 


Dry 
bulb. 


OC. 


20.5 
20.3 

20.7 
20.8 
21.0 
21.4 
20.9 
20.7 


Wet 
bulb. 


°0. 


16.9 
15.9 
16.4 
16.6 
16.7 
16.9 
17.9 
17.2 


21.0 
20.6 
20.3 
20.7 


20. 


16.9 
16.5 
16.0 
16.8 


17.2 


21.0 
21.0 
20.8 
20.9 


16.9 
16.8 
16.0 
16.4 


21.1 
20.8 
21.2 
20.7 
21.0 


21.2 
22.2 
21.2 
20.8 


21.0 


16.2 
16.1 
16.2 
16.1 
16.0 


16.6 
19.6 
18.0 
17.0 


16.4 


The  subject  weighed  himself  on  a  platform  scale  sensitive  to  10  grams 
with  a  weight  of  75  kilograms  and  capable  of  weighing  100  kilograms. 
In  this  experiment  the  weight  of  the  subject  without  clothes  was  not 
taken.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  it  was  a  rest  experiment  and  the  sub- 
ject did  not  perspire  greatly  and  the  clothes  were  the  same  at  the  dif- 
ferent weighings,  the  figures  are  probably  not  far  out  of  the  way  as 
indications  of  the  changes  of  body  weight.  The  body  temperature 
was  taken  by  the  subject  with  a  registered  clinical  thermometer. 


2824— No.  69- 


34 


EXPERIMENTAL   DATA   OF   INCOME. 

The  experimental  data  may  be  divided  into  two  groups— (1)  those 
pertaining  to  matter  and  energy  of  income  and  (2)  the  same  factors  of 
outgo.  The  results  of  the  determinations  of  income  are  shown  in 
Table  7.  These  data  include  the  determinations  of  nitrogen,  carbon, 
hydrogen,  and  water,  and  of  protein,  fats,  carbohydrates,  and  mineral 
matters  in  the  food.  The  weights  of  food  materials  used  each  day  are 
shown  in  the  table,  and  the  weights  of  the  different  elements  and  com- 
pounds are  calculated  by  means  of  the  figures  for  the  percentage 
composition  shown  in  Table  3. 

Table  7. — Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  cortibustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  5. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

Carbo- 

by- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2782 
2783 
2781 

Beef,  fried 

Beef,  dried 

Eees 

Grams. 
120 

25 
95 

Gram,s. 

77.0 
15.0 
70  8 

Grams. 
34.4 
6.1 

12.0 

Grams. 

6.6 

1.9 

10.5 

30.9 

41.8 

1.0 

Grams. 

38.0 
148.2 
35.0 
25.8 
28.5 

Grams. 
5.51 

.98 
1.92 

.06 
4.50 
4.45 

1.57 
.06 

Grams. 
22.80 
4.39 
14.15 
23.39 
58.75 
82.29 
14.74 
16.91 
11.47 

Grams. 
3.23 
.56 
2.17 
3.66 
8.83 
11.60 
2.27 
2.33 
1.77 

Calories. 

253 

51 

169 

278.5 
2784 
2802 
2786 

Butter 

35  i         2.8             .4 

282 

Milk 

775 
325 
35 
125 
150 

661.  0  j       27. 9 

690 

Bread,  rye 

Suear 

143.0 

27.9 

786 
139 

2780 
2779 

Beans,  baked  . . . 
Pears,  canned... 

Total 

86.0 
119.3 

9.9 
.5 

.7 
1.3 

168 
117 

1, 174.  9 

119.1 

94.7 

275.5 

19.05 

248. 89 

36.42 

2,655 

EXPERIMENTAL   DATA   OF   OUTGO. 

The  data  of  outgo  are  given  in  Tables  8  to  12.  Table  8  shows  the 
weight  of  fresh  feces  and  of  the  elements  and  compounds  determined. 
These  weights  are  calculated  from  the  figures  for  percentage  of  composi- 
tion shown  in  Table  3  and  the  total  weight  of  fresh  feces.  Inasmuch  as 
the  feces  from  the  food  of  one  day  can  not  readily  be  separated  from 
those  of  the  i)receding  or  following  day,  we  can  do  nothing  else  than 
assume  that  the  undigested  residue  and  metabolic  products  of  which 
they  are  composed  are  essentially  uniform  from  day  to  day.  Even  if 
there  were  irregularities  from  day  to  day,  they  would  hardly  be  large 
enough  to  affect  materially  the  results  for  each  day,  nor  can  they  at  all 
affect  the  average  for  the  whole  cxi)eriment. 

Taulk  8. —  Jl'eif/ht,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 

.experiment  No.  5, 


Lab- 
ora- 
toi-y 
No. 

Weight. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

Carbo- 

by. 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 

com- 
bustion 
(deter- 
mined) . 

2806 

Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day  . . 

Grams. 
502 
126 

Grams. 

392.6 

98.2 

Grams. 
41.2 
10,3 

Grams. 
22.6 
5.7 

Grams. 
25.6 
6.4 

Grams. 
6.58 
1.65 

Grams. 
55.07 
13.77 

Grams. 
7.38 
1.85 

Calories. 
573 
143 

35 

Table  9  shows  the  amount,  specific  gravity,  and  percentage  composi- 
tion of  the  urine  in  six-hour  i)eriods  for  the  time  of  the  experiment  and 
the  twenty-four  hours  subsequent.  From  those  data  are  (calculated  the 
weights  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  water  eliminated  in  the 
urine.  The  nitrogen  is  determined  in  the  fresh  urine  for  each  period 
and  also  in  the  composite  sample  of  urine  for  each  day  and  in  the  com- 
posite sample  for  the  four  days  of  the  experiment.  It  has  been  assumed 
that  any  differences  in  the  quantities  of  nitrogen  as  determined  in  the 
sample  for  each  six-hour  period  and  in  the  composite  sample  for  the 
day  would  be  due  rather  to  small  errors  of  sami)ling  than  to  errors  of 
analysis.  For  this  reason  the  figures  for  the  determinations  by  six-hour 
periods  are  used  for  the  computations  taken  rather  than  those  for  the 
composite  for  the  day  or  for  the  whole  experiment,  where  discrepancies 
occur. 

It  is  hardly  practicable  to  dry  samples  of  fresh  urine  each  day  for  the 
determination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  heats  of  combustion.  Accord- 
ingly, a  composite  sami)le  representing  the  urine  of  the  four  days  of 
each  exi^eriment  was  dried  and  used  for  determinations  of  carbon  and 
hydrogen  and  heat  of  combustion.  The  heat  of  combustion  was  also 
determined  in  composite  samples  of  the  fresh  urine  each  day  as 
explained  above,  page  23.  The  precautions  taken  to  avoid  error 
through  loss  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  during  the  drying  of  the  urine 
have  also  been  described  on  page  22. 

The  data  thus  obtained  show  the  quantities  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine 
for  each  day  and  for  the  four  days  of  the  experiment,  while  those  for 
the  quantities  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  water- free  substance  are 
obtained  for  the  four  days  and  must  be  computed  for  the  individual 
days  of  the  experiment.  In  making  these  comj^utations  it  is  assumed 
that  the  ratio  of  nitrogeij  to  carbon,  hydrogen,  or  water  free  substance 
will  be  the  same  for  each  individual  day  as  for  tlie  four  days.  Thus 
the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  of  the  first  day  of  this  experiment 
was  20.25  grams,  and  that  for  the  whole  experiment  72.25  grams.  The 
carbon  for  the  whole  four  days  was  46.52  grams.  The  computations  for 
the  amount  of  carbon  in  the  urine  for  the  first  day  would  then  be  as 
follows:  72.25:  46.52::  20.25:  x  (=13.04).  This  method  for  computing 
the  daily  quantities  of  carbon  excreted  in  the  urine  differs  from  that 
employed  in  the  case  of  the  feces,  in  which  latter  the  amounts  of  both 
nitrogen  and  carbon  were  taken  as  the  same  from  day  to  day.  The 
reason  for  this  is  simple.  We  know  that  the  quantities  of  nitrogen  and 
carbon  in  the  urine  vary  from  day  to  day,  and  have  means  for  telling 
approximately  the  amounts  thus  excreted.  We  do  not  know,  nor  have 
we  any  means  for  learning  exactly  how  much  of  the  nitrogen,  or  carbon, 
or  other  element  of  the  food  for  each  day  is  absorbed  on  that  or  any 
other  day,  but  there  seems  to  be  good  reason  for  believing  that  the 
absorption  is  nearly  uniform  from  day  to  day  so  long  as  food,  exercise, 
and  other  conditions  remain  the  same.     Even  if  the  last  assumption, 


36 

namely,  the  uniform  absorption  of  food  in  the  alimentary  canal,  is  not 
correct,  we  have  no  means  whatever  for  determining  the  variations  and 
there  is  nothing  else  to  do  but  assume  the  regularity.  But  we  have 
the  actual  data  for  calculating  the  quantities  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydro- 
gen, and  water-free  substance  excreted  in  the  urine  each  day  and, 
making  the  assumption  regarding  nitrogen  lag  mentioned  above,  the 
method  of  calculation  here  used  seems  logical. 

Tahlk  9. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Ifeiaholism  experiment  Ko.  5. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

iSTitrogen. 

C'arbon. 

1897. 
May  4-5 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  rn . 

Grams. 
297.8 
871.3 
698.9 
220.1 

1.026 
1.011 
1.011 
1.019 

Per  cent. 

1.52 

.77 

.81 
L52 

Grams. 
4.53 
6.71 
5.66 
3.35 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

7p.  in.  to  1  u.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  

Total  by  compo.site 

7  a.  lu.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ui 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

2,  088. 1 
2,  088. 1 

20.  25 
20.25 

13.04 

1.017 

.97 

5-U 

3-45.5 
795.7 
932.9 

218.7 

1.015 
1.011 
1.008 
1.017 

.91 

.  75 

.58 

1.32 

3.14    

5.97    ' 

5.41  ' 

2. 89    

2,  292.  8 
2,  292.  8 

17.41 
17.43 

11.21 

Total  1)}'  composite 

7  a.  ni.  to  1  p.  Ill 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  ra/i 

1.013 

.70 

6-7 

532.8 
1,464.5 

245.  0 

1.014 
1.012 

f  OIG 

.81 
.66 

1.29 

4.  32 
9.67 

3.17 

! 

7  p.  ra.  to  1  a.m./ 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

2,  242.  8 
2,  242.  8 

17.16 
17.27 

11.05 

Total  hy  composite 

7  a.  ni.  to  1  J),  m 

1.014 

.77 

1 

7-S 

405.7 
727.2 
914.0 
450.2 

1.016 
1.010 
1.010 
1.010 

.96 
.65 
.57 
.80 

3.89 

4.73 

' 

1  p.  III.  to  7  J),  m 

1 

7  J).  III.  to  1  a.  m 

5.21 

1 

1  a.  III.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

3.60    

2,  497.  I 
2,  497. 1 

17.43                                   n   5»2 

Total  bj'  composite 

Total  for  4   days,  by 
jieriods 

1.011 

.70 

17.48 

9, 120,  8 
9, 120.  8 

72.25 
72.43 

Composite  for  4  days.. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  i>.  m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  

.79 

0  51  1          46.52 

- 

8-9 

351.4 
250.0 
264.1 
441.6 

1.022 
1.027 
1.016 
1.012 

.87 
1.30 
1.09 
1.06 

3.06 
3.25 

• 

2.88 
4.68 



1,307.1 

13.  87 

8  93 

1 

37      ^ 

Table  9.— Amounts  and  composiiion  of  urine— MetahoUsm  experiment  No.  5— Cont'd. 


Period. 

Hydrogen. 

Heats  ufuumbustioD. 

Date. 

Water. 

1 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1897. 
IJay  4-5 

Per  cent. 

1 

Orams. 

Per  cent. 

Orams. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

1 

1 

\ 

Ta+iI 

■ 

! 

4.09 

1 

2,  007.  3 

. 

.071 

148 

1 

5-6 

Tnfil 

3.52 

2,  223.  4 

.052 

119 

6-7 

■ 

1  p.m.  to  7  p. m^ 

1 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  1X1  ^ 

Total 

I 

• 

3.46 

2, 174.  3 

.055 

123 

7-8 

. 

j 

t 

Totn  1 

3.52 

2, 427.  6 

.049 

122 

Total  for  4  days,  by 



512 

j             Composite  for  4  days. . 

0.16 

14.  59 

96.84 

8,  832.  6 

.056 

>511 

8-9 

1 

1 

Total 

2.79 

1,251.8 

.056 

73 

1 

'  Total  heat  ufcoiubustioii  as  determined  in  dried  urine  gives  550  ealorie.s  (.see  p.  23).  As  the  dried 
sample  did  not  suffice  tor  a  repetition  ol'  this  determination  we  have  no  explanation  to  olfer  for  the 
discrepancy  between  the  determinations  by  the  two  methods. 


The  determinations  of  carbon  dioxld  and  water  exhaled  by  the  sub 
ject  are  given  in  Tables  10  and  11.  The  methods  of  calculation  are 
explained  by  the  small  letters  above  the  headings  of  each  column. 
Table  10  shows  the  amount  of  air  which  was  drawn  through  the  cham- 
ber of  the  calorimeter  during  each  six-hour  period,  and  the  milligrams 
per  liter  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  incoming  air  and  in  the  outgoing  air. 
These  valuers  are  shown  in  columns  a,  h,  and  c.  The  difference  between 
the  last  two  gives  the  excess  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  outgoing  air  current, 


'      38 

■which,  multiplied  by  the  total  number  of  liters  of  air  in  the  ventilating 
current  gives  the  total  weight  of  carbon  dioxid  exhaled,  as  shown  in 
column  €.  Column  /  shows  the  weight  of  carbon  in  the  carbon  dioxid 
exhaled.  In  Table  11  are  similar  data  for  the  water  given  off  by  the 
subject.  The  plan  of  this  table  differs  from  that  of  Table  10  in  that  the 
major  i:)art  of  the  water  is  condensed  in  the  freezers.  The  amount  not 
so  condensed  is  determined  the  same  way  as  the  total  amount  of  carbon 
dioxid  exhaled  and  is  shown  in  column  d,  while  column  /  gives  the  total 
amount  of  water  exhaled. 

Table  10. — Record  of  carhon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment 

Xo.  5. 


Period. 

Volume    of 
ventilating     a^ 
air  current. 

Carbon 

dioxid  per  liter— 

Total     excess 
in  outgoing    5 
air  (d  X  a). 

(/) 

Date. 

(h) 

£  •_: 
o.;:; 

.SbX, 

p. 2 

M 

(c) 

6   . 

M 

id) 

.9  o  ^  -^ 
1^ 

Total    weight 
ofcarbon  ex- 
haled in  car- 
bon    dioxid 

(c  X  A). 

1897. 
May  4-5 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m . 

Liters. 

25,  936 

26,  263 
26, 397 
26, 154 

Mgs. 

0.611 

.781 

.640 

.634 

Mgs. 

10.510 

10. 144 

9.547 

5.737 

Mgs. 
9.899 
9.363 
8.907 
5.103 

Grams. 
256.7 
245.9 
235.2 
133.5 

Grams. 

70.0 

1  p.  in.  to  7  p.  m 

67.1 

7  p.  m.  tol  a.  m 

64.1 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

36.4 

Total 

104,  750 

871.3 

237.6 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

5-6 

26, 158 
26,  885 
27, 110 
26,  792 

.671 
.816 
.620 
.709 

9.  037 

10.  363 

9.868 

5.733 

8.366 
9.547 
9.248 
5.024 

218.8 
256.7 
250.7 
134.5 

59.6 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

70.0 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

68.4 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

36.7 

Total 

106,  945 

860.7 

234.  7 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

6-7 

26,  426 

26,  861 

27,  273 
26, 100 

■  .704 
.551 
.578 
.894 

8.781 
9.358 
8.761 
5.833 

8.077 
8.807 
8.183 
4.939 

213.4 
236.  6  ■ 
223.2 

128.9 

58.2 

1  p.m.  to 7  i>. m 

64.5 

7  p.  HI.  tol  a.  m 

60.9 

la.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

35.1 

Total 

106,  660 

802.1 

218.7 

7a. in. tol  p. m 

7-8 

25,  577 

26,  045 
26,  240 
26, 938 

.628 
.731 
.657 
.605 

9.290 
10. 464 
10.  313 

5.650 

8.662 
9.733 
9.656 
5.045 

221.5 
253.5 
253.4 
135.9 

60  4 

1  p. in. to7  i>. m 

69  1 

7  p.m.  tol  a. m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  for  4  days 

69.1 
37.1 

104,  800 

864.3 

235.7 

423, 155 

3,  398.  4 

926.7 

39 

Tablk  II. — Record  of  ivater  iti  ventilatin<j  air  current — MetahoUsm  experiment  No.  o. 


Date. 


Period. 


1897.      ] 

May  4-5  ,  7  a.  m.  tolp.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

'  7  p.m.  to  1  a. m 


1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
Total.... 


5-6  j  7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 

!  7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m. 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 


6-7 


Total . 


7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  J>.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total . 


(a) 

0 


Water  per  liter- 


(&) 


Liters.        Mgs. 
25,  936       1. 171 


26,  263 
26,  397 
26,  154 


1.050 

1.038 

.874 


104, 750 


26, 158 

26,  '885 

27,  110 
26,  792 


106,  945 


1.  022 
.992 

1.011 
.924 


7-8  j  7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  in 
1  1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
'  7  p.m.  to  1  a. m 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


Total 

Total  for 4  (lavs. 


26,  426 
26,  861 
27, 273 
26, 100 


1.040 
.922 
.895 
.786 


106,  660 


(c) 


Mgs. 

1.329 

1,210 

1.230 

1.006 


1.118 
1.284 

1.215 
1.178 


(d) 


Mgs. 

0.158 
.160 
.192 
.132 


,096 
,292 
,204 
.254 


1.212 

1.134 

1.115 

.941 


ie) 


e 


a 


Grains. 
4.1 
4.2 

5.1 
3.4 


(/) 


Grams 
233.8 
237.2 
252.1 
223.  6 


(9) 


4>-. 


O  be 

"-3  a 

o  a 


Grams. 


16.8 


2.5 
7.8 
5.6 
6.8 


946.7 


220.6 
244.9 
275.2 
209.8 


22.7 


.172 

4.6 

.212 

5.7 

.220 

6.0 

.155 

4.0 

950.5 

222.2 
245.4 
227.6 
196.3 


25,  577 

26,  045 
26,  240 
26,  938 


104,  800 


,886 
,898 
,813 
,693 


423, 155 


20.3 


1. 187 

1.064 

1.074 

.927 


.301 
.166 
.261 
.234 


7.7 
4.3 
6.9 
6.3 


891.5 


202.6 
218.0 
272.1 
226.3 


194.4 

—  4.8 

—  71.0 


(h) 


1-^ 


Grams. 


118.  6     1,  082. 1 


56.7 
62.2 
50.9 


169.8 


26.7 
55.9 
-32.8 


49.8 


25.2 
~85.0 


919.0 
3, 707.  7 


17.5 
28.2 
63.2 


108.9 
447.1 


1,143.0 


961.6 


1,  053. 1 
4,  239. 8 


1  Upon  the  surface  of  the  absorbers,  see  p.  53  under  description  of  experiment  No.  6. 

The  details  of  the  calorimetric  measmemeDts  in  these  experiments 
are  far  too  extensive  to  be  given  here.  Their  nature  is  explained  and 
illustrations  are  given  in  another  publication.^  The  fandamental  data 
are  given  in  Table  12.  This  shows  in  column  a  the  amount  of  heat 
measured  in  calories  by  the  current  of  water  at  the  average  range  of 
temperature  of  the  water  currents  shown  in  column  h.  In  column  d 
this  heat  is  corrected  to  calories  at  20°  C,  the  temperature  to  which 
all  the  measurements  are  reduced.  Columns  e  to  g  show  the  correc- 
tions for  the  heat  capacity  of  the  apparatus  and  for  the  temperature 
of  food  and  dishes.  Column  h  shows  the  quantity  of  water  vaporized 
in  the  calorimeter  and  column  i  gives  the  amount  of  heat  calculated  as 
having  been  used  to  vaporize  this  water  and  thus  carried  out  with  the 


1  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63. 


40 


vapor  in  the  outgoiug  air  current.  In  tliese  calculations  the  factor 
0.592  is  used  as  representing  the  latent  heat  of  vaporization  of  water.^ 
Column  Ix  shows  the  corrected  amounts  of  heat  carried  out  of  the 
apparatus — i.  e.,  the  excess  of  the  amount  carried  out  over  that  brought 
in  during  the  period  named. 

Table  12. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metaholism  experiment  No.  5. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

Ui) 

{e) 

|i 

a  i  b£bC 
tC  ffl  9  o  .^ 

S  fee 
2  a 

ga    ■ 

S.2 

Date. 

Period. 

=«^ 

go 

a  aj 

-t^  S 

<o  © 

Average  ran 
temperatui 
tween  inc( 
and    outg 
water  «ito 

■S.o 

TO  ti_i 

©  y 

Change  of  te 
ature  of  ca 
eter. 

1897. 

Calories. 

Degrees. 

Calories. 

Degrees. 

Mav  4-5 

582.  4 
496.1 

4.  78-13.  99 
4.  34-14.  31 

1. 0033 
1.  0032 

584.3 
497.7 

—0.20 

1  p.m.  to  7  p. m 

-'r  .65 

7  p.  TO.  to  1  a.  m 

520.1 

4.  9.3-15.  63 

1.  0026 

521.5 

—  .30 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  TO 

265.7 

10.  36-15.  85 

1.0016 

266.1 

—  .40 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  Ill 

1,864.3 

1,  869.  6 

5-6 

522.7 

3.  30-14.  26 

1.  0036 

524.6 

+  .40 

1  p.m.  to  7  p. ni 

557.1 

3.  24-14.  80 

1.  0035 

559.1 

+  .75 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

528.6 

4.59-16.07 

1.  0030 

530.2 

—1.  20 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

318.2 

6.91-15.21 

1. 0026 

319.0 

—  .20 

1,  926.  6 

1,  932.  9 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  ni .. ... -.. 

6-7 

489.0 
537.6 

3.  90-14.  34 
3.  57-14.  42 

1. 0035 

1. 0036 

490.  7 
539.5 

+  .35 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

+  .80 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

494.3 

4. 19-14.  93 

1.  0033 

495.  9 

—  .70 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

309.4 

9.  02-15.  82 

1.  0020 

310.0 

—  .30 

Total 

1,830.3 

1,  836. 1 

7  a.  in.  to  1  p.  m 

7-8 

483.4 
513.4 
514.8 

3.13-15.51 

3.  21-10.  59 

4.  46-16.  68 

1.0035 
1.  0033 
1.  0028 

485.1 
515.1 
516.2 

+  .70 

1  p.  m.  to  7  jj.  m 

+  .30 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

—  .55 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

284.4 

10.67-17.26 

1.  0014 

284.8 

—  .05 

1 ,  796.  0 

1,801.2 

Total  for  4  days 

\ 

7,417.2 

\ 

7,  439.  8 

'  For  a  diecuBsion  of  this  value,  see  U.  S.  JJept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations 
I>iil.  03,  j».  57. 


41 

Table  12. — Summary  of  calorimefric  measuremenis —MeidhoJism  experiment  No.  5 — 

Continued. 


(/) 

(y) 

(h) 

(i) 

(k). 

Date. 

Period. 

O     . 
OCO 

■•C  X 
(-1  . 

ue  to  tem- 
■  food  and 

®  s  §  =« 

s  2  2-= 

•«  a  a  - 

(H  cs  CS  g 

u  o 
P-X 

0 

B  . 

-*^  + 
^^ 

^> 
'='"2. 

-t-i 

o 
H 

Capacity  cor 
caloriinetei 

Correction  d 

Serature  o 
ishes. 

Water    vap 
equals  tot 
exhaled  le 
condensed 
ber. 

il 

1897. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Orams. 

Calorics. 

Calories. 

May  4-5 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

—12 

—  21.3 

237.9 

140.8 

691.8 

1  p.  ni.  to  7p.ni 

+39 
—18 

—  17.5 

241.4 

142.9 

662. 1 

7  p.  m .  to  1  a.  m 

—  10.6 

257.2 

152.3 

645.2 

1  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  ni 

—24 

227.0 

134.4 

376.5 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

—15 

—  49.4 

963.5 

570.4 

2,  375.  6 

5-6 

+24 

—  20.3 

223.1 

132.1 

660.4 

1  p.  HI.  to  7  p.  m 

+45 

—    9.6 

252.7 

149.6 

744.1 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

—72 

—  12.5 

280.8 

166.2 

611.9 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  ni  

—12 

216.6 

128.2 

435.2 

—15 

—  42.4 

973.  2 

576.1 

2,  451.  6 

6-7 

+21 

—  13.  6  1        226.  8 

134.3 

632.4 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

+48 

—  14.7 

251.1 

148.6 

721.4 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  ni 

—42 

—  13.8 

233.6 

138.3 

578.4 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

Total 

-18 

200.3 

118.6 

410.6 

+  9 

-  42.1 

911.8 

539.8 

2,  342.  8 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

7  8 

+42 
+18 
—33 
-3 

—  17.8 

210.3 

124.5 

633.8 

1  p.  ni.  to  7  p.  m 

—    4.9 

222.3 

131.6 

659.8 

7  p.  TCI.  to  1  a.  m 

—  15.3 

279.0 
232.6 

165.2 
137.7 

633.1 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

419.5 

+24 

—  38.  0           944.  2 

559.0 

2,  346.  2 

Total  for  4  days 

+  3 

—171.  9        3.  792.  7 

2,  245.  3 

9,  516. 2 

COMPUTED   DATA   OF   INCOME   AND   OUTGO. 

FroDi  the  experimental  data  just  recorded  the  income  and  outgo  of 
nitrogen,  carbon,  and  hydrogen,  protein,  fat,  and  energy  are  comx)uted. 
Table  13  shows  the  computed  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon 
in  metabolism  experiment  No.  5.  The  values  in  columns  a,  ft,  and  c  are 
taken  from  Tables  7,  8,  and  9,  respectively. 

The  quantities  in  column  d  represent  the  gain  or  loss  of  nitrogen  for 
each  day  and  for  the  whole  experiment.  Since  the  subject  had  been  upon 
the  same  diet  for  four  days  previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  experi- 
ment, it  was  to  be  expected  that  he  would  be  in  approximate  nitrogen 
equilibrium.  This  expectation  was  realized,  as  the  figures  show.  There 
was  a  slight  loss  of  nitrogen,  2.8  grams,  the  first  day;  the  remaining 
three  days  there  was  almost  exact  equilibrium.  We  find  it  often  the 
case  that  the  loss  of  nitrogen  is  greater  or  the  gain  less  on  the  first  than 
on  the  succeeding  days.    Assuming  that  the  nitrogen  lag  is  short,  this 


42 


may  perhaps  be  connected  with  the  slight  mental  excitement  which 
accompanies  the  accommodating  of  the  subject  to  the  conditions  of  life 
in  the  chamber.  The  average  for  the  four  days  shows  a  loss  of  0.7  of 
a  gram  of  nitrogen  x)er  day. 

The  data  for  income  and  outgo  of  carbon  are  likewise  obtained  from 
previous  tables,  and  the  values  in  column  k  show  the  computed  loss  of 
carbon  for  each  day  and  during  the  whole  experiment.  It  will  be  seen 
that  the  subject  was  nearly  in  carbon  as  well  as  nitrogen  equilibrium. 

Tablk  13. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

(a) 

(h) 

(c) 

{(1) 

(e) 

if) 

(g) 

(h) 

(k) 

Date. 

Period. 

o 

® 

a 

M 

6 

3 
a 

M 

Gain  (+)  or 
loss  ( — ) 
a—{b+c). 

o 

a 

M 

03 

o 

,® 

cw 

a 

6 
a 

1— 1 

I  n     respira- 
tory prod- 
ucts. 

—  03  + 

1.2  T 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mav  4-5 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

19.1 

1.6 

20.3 

—2.8 

248.9 

13.8 

13.0 

237.6 

—15.5 

5-6 

do 

19.0 
19.1 
19.0 

1.7 
1.6 
1.7 

17.4 
17.2 
17.4 

—  .1 

+  .3 

—  .1 

248.9 
248.9 
248.9 

13.7 
13.8 
13.8 

11.2 
11.1 
11.2 

234.7 

218.8 

'  235.  7 

—10.7 

6-7 

do 

-f  5.2 

7-8 

...do    

—11.8 

Total,  4  days... 

76.2 

6.6 

72.3 

—2.7 

995.6 

55.1 

46.5 

926.8 

—32.8 

Average,  Iday. 

19.1 

1.7 

18.1 

—  .7 

248.9 

13.8  '       11.6 

231.7 

—  8.2 

111  this  experiment  the  subject  was  allowed  drinking  water  whenever 
and  in  such  quantities  as  he  desired.  The  coffee  infusion,  as  already 
stated,  contained  practically  no  nitrogen,  the  amount  per  liter  being 
found  by  analysis  to  be  less  than  0.05  gram.  This  quantity,  amount- 
ing to  less  than  0.2  gram  of  nitrogen  for  the  whole  experiment,  has 
been  ignored,  and  the  coffee  infusion  has  been  considered  simply  as  so 
much  water.  The  amounts  of  coffee  infusion  and  of  water  consumed 
on  the  different  days  of  this  experiment  are  as  follows: 

liecord  of  nater  and  coffee  consumed — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


Date. 

Coffee 
infusion. 

Water. 

Total 
drink. 

May  4 

Grams. 
862.3 
897.  6 
896.9 
894.5 

Grams. 
870.6 
849.8 
665.0 
977.6 

Grams. 
1,  732.  9 

5 

1,  747.  4 

6 

1,  561. 9 

7 

1  872. 1 

Total 

3,  551.  3 

3,  363.  0 

6,  914.  3 

At  each  meal  a  vessel  containing  300  grams  of  unsweetened  coffee 
infusion  was  i^assed  in  to  the  subject.  The  amount  actually  consumed 
depended  upon  the  carefulness  with  which  the  vessel  was  drained.    It 


43 


was  determined  by  weighing"  the  vessel  when  it  was  passed  in  and 
when  it  was  taken  out,  the  diftereuce  between  these  weights  being  tlie 
amount  consumed. 

In  Table  14  the  income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen  are  com- 
puted. Column  a  shows  the  amount  of  water  in  the  food  materials 
consumed  each  day,  and  column  h  the  amount  consumed  as  drink,  either 
as  water  or  in  the  form  of  coffee.  The  values  in  columns  c,  d,  and  e 
are  taken  from  previous  tables  and  serve  in  the  calculations  of  the 
apparent  loss  of  water  shown  in  column  /.  The  quantities  in  this 
column  are  always  negative,  since  the  water  given  off  in  the  respira- 
tory products  is  derived  not  only  from  water  taken  into  the  system  in 
food  and  drink,  but  also  from  the  oxidation  of  hydrogen  of  organic 
compounds.  The  (juantities  in  column  <7,  //,  and  /  rei)resent  the  amounts 
of  hydrogen  in  organic  combination  in  the  food,  feces,  and  urine,  and 
the  values  in  column  /  show  the  apparent  gains  of  hydrogen.  The 
quantities  in  this  column  are  always  positive,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  most  of  the  hydrogen  in  organic  combination  in  the  food  is  elimi- 
nated, not  in  organic  combination  in  the  feces  and  urine,  but  in  the 
form  of  water  in  the  urine  or  respiratory  products.  The  gain  or  loss 
of  hydrogen  for  the  experiment  is  calculated  by  adding  together  the 
hydrogen  apparently  lost  as  water  (column  /)  and  the  hydrogen  in 
organic  combination  apparently  gained  (column  /).  This  total  gain 
or  loss  of  hydrogen  is  shown  in  column  n.  There  was  thus  a  small  cal- 
culated loss  of  hydrogen  during  the  experiment,  which  would  correspond 
to  about  185  grams  of  water  per  day.  These  estimates  of  quantities  of 
hydrogen  here  and  elsewhere  in  the  present  bulletin  are  given  for  what 
they  are  worth.  We  hope  to  be  able  later  to  study  this  and  other 
details  bearing  upon  the  correction  of  the  estimates. 

Table  14. — Income  and  oitttjo  of  wafer  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


Water. 

(a) 

<h) 

(c) 

(rf) 

(e) 

(/) 

Date. 

Perioil. 

>5 

u 
o 

QO 
C    ^ 

C  + 

5 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram,s. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

May   4-0 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

1, 174.  9 

1,  732.  9 

98.2 

2,  007. 3 

1,  082. 1 

—    279.8 

5-6 

do 

1.174.9 

1,  747. 4 

98. 1 

2,  223. 4 

1, 143.  0 

—    542. 2 

C-7 

do 

1,174.9 
1,174.9 

1,561.9 
1,872.1 

98.2 
98. 1 

2, 174.  3 
2,  427. 6 

961.6 
1,  053. 1 

497  3 

.    7-8 

do 

531  8 

Total  lor  4  day. s 

4,  699.  6 

C,  914.  3 

392.6 

8,  832.  6 

4,  239.  8 

—1,851.1 

Average  tor  1  day 

1.174.9 

1,728.6 

98.2 

2,  208.  2 

1, 059.  9 

—    402. 8 

44 


Table  14. — Income  and  outf/o  of  water  and  liijdrogen- 

Continued. 


-Metabolism  experiment  No.  5 — 


Hydrogen. 

io) 

(h) 

(i) 

(I) 

(m) 

(n) 

fl 

§3 

u 
o    • 

cS 

eg 

Date. 

Period. 

at 

±+ 

® 

®  i- 

p  ..   ■ 

c3  T- 

" 

o 
t2 

o 

^     1 

00 

'^H 

03 

-V^    03 

M 

PI 

H 

<l 

o 

o  o 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mav   4  5 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in -  -  - 

36.4 
36.4 
36,4 
36.4 

1.9 
1.8 
1.9 

1.8 

4.1 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 

1-  30.4 
+  31.1 
+  31.0 
+  31.1 

—  31.1 

—  60.2 

—  55.3 

—  59. 1 

—  0.7 

5  6 

...  do 

—29.1 

6  7 

do  

—24.3 

7  8 

do     

28  0 

Total  for  4  days 

145.6 

7.4 

14.6 

+123.  6 

—205.  7 

—82.1 

Average  for  1  day 

36.4 

1.9 

3.7 

+  30.9 

—  51.4 

—20.5 

In  Table  15  are  calculations  of  tlie  gain  or  loss  of  protein,  fat,  and 
water  in  this  experiment.  If  nitrogen  is  gained,  a  corresponding  gain 
of  protein  is  assumed^  if  nitrogen  is  lost,  a  corresj)onding  loss  of  pro- 
tein is  likewise  assumed.  The  protein  compounds  are  here  assumed  to 
contain,  on  the  average,  16  per  cent  of  nitrogen,  53  per  cent  of  car- 
Ixm,  and  7  per  cent  of  hydrogen.  Accordingly  the  gain  or  loss  of  pro- 
tein is  computed  by  multiplying  the  gain  or  loss  of  nitrogen  by  6.25, 
and  is  shown  in  column  h.  Whatever  i)rotein  is  gained  or  lost  must 
(!(mtain  certain  proportions  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  the  computed 
amounts  of  which  are  shown  in  columns  d  and  h. 


Tablk  15. — (iain  oi 


•  loss  of  iwotein  (N  X  6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 
No.  6. 


(«) 

(h) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(f) 

IT 

i"°^ 

Oin 

Date. 

Period. 

u 

CO 

gain 
lost  ( 

cs3 

-2     ^ 
l+x 

+t-: 

-^  -I- 
1-3  <» 

in 

(B  ^' 

O  ^ 

'r-(M 

^       1 

•S'TS  1 

fl— V 

1? 

0  ='o 
'■2T« 

oral 
gaine 
lost  ( 

arbon 
gaine 
lost  (- 

arbon 
gaine 
lost  ( 

bt-^ 

*A^ 

Grama. 

H 

O 

o 
Grams. 

fH.S 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

May  4-5 

7  a.  in.  to  7  ji.  ni 

—2.8 

—17.5 

—15.5 

—9. 3 

-  6.2 

—  8.1 

5-6 

do 

I 

G 

10  7 

3 

10  4 

13  6 

6-7 

do 

+  .3 

+  1.9 

+  5.2 

+1.0 

+  4.2 

+  5.5 

7--8 

do 

Total  lor  4  day M 

—  .1 

—    .6 

—11.8 

—  .3 

—11.5 

-15.0 

—2.7 

—16.8 

—32.8 

-8.9 

—23.9 

—31.2 

Average  lor  1  day 

—  .7 

—  4.2 

—  8.2 

—2.2 

—  6.0 

—  7.8 

45 


Table  15. — (iain  or  loa-s  of  protein  (X  X  0.-2o),  fut,  and  water 

No.  5 — Continued. 


-Metdboli.sm  experiment 


r>ate. 


1897. 

May   4  5 

5-6 

6-7 

7-8 


Ptiriod. 


a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Total  for  -tdays. . 
Average  for  1  day 


(0) 


be 

o 


1^  o 


Grams. 


-0.7 
-29.1  j 
-24.3 
-28.  0 


-82.1 
-20.  5 


(/') 


2+  I 
ft— -- 

^    "    x     . 


w 


Orams. 


—1.2 
-  .1 

+  .1 
.0 


-1.2 
—  .3 


(i) 

■t^ 

^       . 

.cS 

f-H 

a 

+  ^ 

3^^ 

a 

'S  T 

ki 

ij  1 

^ 

W 

Grains. 


—1.0 
—1.6 

+  .7 
—1.8 


.9 


S  I 


tit's  o  X 


tj 


Grams. 
f  1.5 
—27.4 
—25.1 
—26.2 


(I) 


+  1 


=3   O^ 


^ 


Grams. 


+  13.5 
—246.  6 
—225. 9 
—235.  8 


-II.- 
-19.3 


-694.  8 
-173. 7 


Making  certain  arbitrary  assumptions,  the  total  carbon  gained  or 
lost  less  the  carbon  in  protein  gained  or  lost  gives  the  amount  of  car- 
bon gained  or  lost  in  the  form  of  fat.  It  is  probable  that  the  amount 
of  glycogen  in  the  body  at  the  time  of  rising,  7  a.  m.,  is  nearly  the 
same  from  day  to  day,  so  that  this  assumption  probably  involves  no 
serious  error.  It  is  assumed  that  average  body  fat  contains  76.5  jier 
cent  of  carbon,  and  the  amount  of  fat  gained  or  lost  is  consequently 
comjjuted  by  dividing  the  carbon  gained  or  lost  in  fat  by  .765,  as 
shown  in  column/".  Assuming  that  fat  contains  12  per  cent  of  hydro- 
gen, the  amount  of  hydrogen  gained  or  lost  in  the  form  of  fat  is  com- 
l^uted  and  results  are  given  in  column  /.  The  difference  between  the 
total  hydrogen  gained  or  lost  and  that  in  the  protein  and  fat  gained 
or  lost  is  here  taken  as  representing  the  hydrogen  gained  or  lost  in  the 
form  of  water.  The  gains  and  losses  of  hydrogen  and  water  as  thus 
calculated  are  shown  in  columns  A-  and  I  of  the  table. 

So  far  from  saying  that  these  assumptions  and  the  calculations  based 
upon  them  are  correct,  we  are  persuaded  that  they  must  be  more  or 
less  erroneous.  To  us  one  of  the  principal  points  of  interest  in  con- 
nection with  the  calculations  of  the  amount  of  water  gained  or  lost  is 
that  they  emphasize  so  clearly  the  uncertainties  of  this  method  of  cal- 
culation and  the  need  of  direct  determinations  of  oxygen,  sulphur, 
and  other  elements  of  both  income  and  outgo.  Even  with  this  com- 
l^lete  balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  elements  there  would  still  remain 
a  number  of  uncertainties,  as,  for  instance,  the  amounts  of  material  in 
the  alimentary  canal  and  the  amount  of  oxygen  stored  in  the  organism 
at  ditferent  times  and  under  apparently  like  conditions.^ 

1  Discussion  of  the  methods  of  computing  the  ditlt'ereut  factors  of  income  and  outgo 
of  matter  and  energy  is  reserved  for  a  future  publication.     See  page  112. 


46 


Table  10  shows  the  comj^uted  iucouie  and  outgo  of  energy  in  this 
exi)eiiuient. 

Tarle  1(3. — Income  and  outgo  of  cner(/y — Metabolism  experiment  No.  5. 


(a) 

(b) 

ic) 

id) 

{e) 

(/) 

(9) 

(h) 

(0 

o 

o 

~o 

^^^ 

?^i 

Date. 

I'eriod. 

of   combustion 
food  eaten. 

of   combustion 
feces. 

of   combustion 
urine. 

®  (D-L 
o       ^ — 

ew  O  m 

lated  heat  of  co 
tion  of  fat  gain 
or  lost  (— ) . 

®  0  e 

a 

a 

u 

determined  grea 
or  less   (— )  th 
mated  {f—g). 

determined  grea 
or  less  (— )  th 
mated  (h-rf). 

+3 

S  5.2 

a  2-7 
:;3  5  + 

-3*2 

+3 

c«  +.00 

V 

® 

o; 

^'^  — 

TO-^-^ 

03 

(D  -—  D 

©-^•(S 

w 

w 

rt 

f^ 

Calo- 

H 

rt 

w 

w 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

0«io- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Per 

1897. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

cent. 

M 

ay   4-5 

7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m. 

2,655 

143 

148 

—101 

—  76 

2,541 

2,376 

—165 

-6.5 

5-C 
C-7 

do 

2,655 
2,655 

143 
.    143 

119 
123 

—    3 
+  11 

—128 

H-  52 

2,  524 
2,320 

2,451 
2,343 

—  73 
+  17 

—2.9 

do 

+  .7 

7-8 

do 

Total, 4  days... 

2,655 

143 

122 

—    4 

—141 

2,535 

2,346 

—189 

-7.5 

10,  620 

572 

512 

—  97 

—293 

9,926 

9,516 

—410 

—4.1 

Average,  Id  ay. 

2,655 

143 

128 

—  24 

—  73 

2,482 

2,379 

—103 

—4.1 

Coluirins  «,  6,  and  c  of  the  table  represent  the  heats  of  combustion  of 
the  food,  feces,  and  urine  as  taken  from  Tables  7,  8,  and  9,  respectively. 
If  the  body  remains  in  exact  nitrogen  and  carbon  equilibrium  the  dif- 
ference between  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  food  eaten  and  the 
sum  of  that  of  the  urine  and  feces  will,  in  accordance  with  the  above 
assumptions,  be  taken  as  representing  tlie  heat  of  combustion  of  the 
material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body.  If,  however,  the  body  gains  or 
loses  either  xirotein  or  fat,  it  will  have  a  correspondingly  larger  or 
smaller  store  of  energy.  In  this  experiment  the  snbject  lost  both  pro- 
tein and  fat,  and  the  energy  of  this  protein  and  fat  was  used  by  the 
body  in  addition  to  that  of  the  food  eaten.  Inasmuch  as  the  heat  of 
combustion  of  the  body  material  thus  consumed  can  not  be  determined 
directly,  it  must  be  assumed  from  the  average  heat  of  combustion  of 
ordinaiy  body  protein  and  body  fat.  The  heat  of  combustion  of  1  gram 
of  i)rotein  is  taken  as  5.75  '  calories  and  that  of  fat  9.4  calories  per  gram. 
The  estimated  energy  of  materials  actually  oxidized  in  the  body  is 
found  by  subtracting  from  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  food  eaten  the 
sum  of  that  of  the  urine,  feces,  and  protein  and  fat  gained  by  the 
body.  This  is  done  in  calculating  the  values  given  in  column/.  It  is 
to  be  noted  that  as  the  protein  and  fat  are  lost,  the  corresponding 
values  used  in  the  calculations  are  negative.    In  column  g  in  the  table 


'  In  the  previous  publication  above  referred  to,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experi- 
ment Stations  I*>u].  63,  the  factor  5.5  was  used,  but  5.75  seems  to  be  more  nearly  cor- 
rect. (.'onsi(lcral)l(;  attention  has  boen  <^iven  to  the  study  of  the  lieats  of  combustion 
of  food  niaterinls  and  excretory  products  in  this  laboratory,  but  the  results  of  the 
investigation  have  not  yet  been  published. 


47 

the  heat  actually  determined — i.  e.,  tlie  amount  measured  (see  Table 
12) — is  given  for  comparison.  Taking  the  estimated  energy  of  material 
actually  oxidized  in  the  body  as  100,  the  amount  of  heat  given  off  from 
the  body  and  measured  is  05.9;  that  is  to  say,  in  this  experiment  there 
is  a  discrepancy  of  4.1  per  cent  between  the  theoretical  energy  of  income 
and  the  measured  energy  of  outgo. 

A  discrepancy  of  this  size  makes  the  experiments  unsatisfactory. 
It  is  to  be  considered,  however,  that  this  is  the  first  experiment  made 
with  the  api)aratus  after  it  had  reached  a  stage  of  development  which 
seemed  to  warrant  its  use  as  a  calorimeter.  The  experiments  are  com- 
plicated and  the  possibilities  of  error  numerous.  It  is  not  unusual,  iu 
the  development  of  apparatus  and  methods  even  for  the  simpler  quan- 
titative determinations  in  the  laboratory,  that  the  first  results  are 
inaccurate.  The  sources  of  error  have  to  be  discovered  and  the  proi)er 
methods  of  manipulation  learned  by  experience  before  accurate  and 
reliable  results  are  obtained.  It  is  not  strange  that  with  an  api^aratus 
and  methods  as  complicated  as  these,  and  with  the  sources  of  physi- 
ological error  and  uncertainty  sui)eradded  to  those  of  chemical  and 
physical  manipulation,  the  results  of  the  earlier  experiments  should  be 
more  or  less  erroneous.  This  i)articular  subject  will  be  referred  to  later. 
It  will  be  seen  that,  as  the  sources  of  error  revealed  by  experience  have 
been  at  least  i:)artially  eliminated  in  the  later  experiments,  the  agree- 
ment of  estimated  income  and  measured  outgo  of  energy  is  reasonably 
close. 

DETAILS  OF  METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.  6. 

In  this  experiment  the  subject  was  engaged  in  active  muscular  work. 
This  was  accomplished  by  a  stationary  bicycle  connected  with  a  small 
dynamo.  The  energy  of  the  external  muscular  work  done  was  assumed 
to  be  entirely  transformed  into  heat  within  the  chamber.  The  larger 
part  was  first  transformed  into  electrical  energy  by  the  dynamo  which 
was  belted  to  the  wheel  of  the  bicycle,  and  was  then  transformed  into 
heat  by  an  electric  lamp  through  which  the  current  passed.  A  small 
portion  was  transformed  into  heat  by  the  friction  of  the  bicycle  dy- 
namo. The  latter  thus  served  as  an  ergometer.  The  heat  thus  pro- 
duced was  measured  with  that  given  off  from  the  body.  The  exercise 
was  continued  for  about  eight  hours  per  day,  and  the  heat  equivalent 
of  the  external  muscular  work  was  estimated  to  be  not  far  from  250 
calories  \)er  day.  The  measurements  of  electrical  friction  and  external 
muscular  work  were  not  as  accurate  as  desirable,  so  a  special  ergometer 
is  now  being  constructed  for  this  purpose.  A  cyclometer  was  attached 
to  the  bicycle  in  such  a  way  as  to  show  the  number  of  miles  that  would 
have  been  traveled  with  the  same  number  of  revolutions  of  the  pedals 
in  ordinary  riding. 

The  results  of  this  experiment  are  summarized  and  some  of  the  details 


48 

are  given  in  the  i)receding'  bulletin  of  this  series,^  to  wMcli  reference 
may  be  made  for  details  not  repeated  here. 

The  subject  entered  the  apparatus  on  the  evening  of  May  17,  1897, 
and  the  experiment  began  at  7  a.  m.  the  following  day.  The  menu  and 
routine  of  the  experiment  were  as  follows : 

Tahlk  17. — Daily  menu — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


Menu. 


HREAKFAST. 

Deviled  ham 

Boiled  eggs 

Butter 

Milk 

AVliite  bread 

Sugar 

Coffee 

DIXNER. 

Beef,  fried 

Butter 

Milk 

White  bread 


Grams. 


20 

55 

20 

200 

150 

15 

295 


100 
30 
50 

125 


Menn. 


DINNER — continued 

Baked  heans 

Canned  pears 

Sugar 

Coffee 

SUPPER. 

Deviled  ham 

Butter 

Milk 

White  bread 

Sugar 

Coffee 


Grams. 


125 

300 

20 

290 


30 

25 

600 

175 

15 

295 


Table  18. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


7.00  a.  m  .  J  Ilise,  pass  urine;  collect  drip,  vreigh 
shields  and  absorbers ;  ^veigh  self, 
stripped  and  dressed. 
7.45  a.  Ill  . .    Breakfast ;  weigh  self. 
8.20  a.  ni  . .    Begin  work. 
10.20  a.  m  . .    Eest  ten  minutes,  weigh  self,  drink 

200  grams  water. 
12.30  p.  m  . .    Stop  work. 
1.00  p. m  ..    Pass  urine,  weigh  self,  collect  drip; 

weigh  shields  and  absorbers. 
1.1")  J).  Ill  . .    Dinner;  weigh  self,  drink  200  grams 
1      water. 


1.50 

p- 

m  . 

3.50 

p- 

m  . 

6.00 

p- 

m  . 

6.30 

p- 

m  . 

7.00 

p- 

m  . 

10.00 

p- 

m  . 

1.00 

a. 

m  . 

Begin  work. 

Eest  ten  minutes,  weigh  self,  drink 

200  grams  water. 
Stop  work ;  weigh  self. 
Supper;  change  underclothes;  weigh 

self,  stripped  and  dressed. 
Pass  urine,  collect  drip ;  weigh  shields 

and  absorbers.  * 

AVeigh  self,  drink  200  grams  water, 

retire. 
Pass  urine. 


'  U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63,  pp.  74-85. 


49 


Table  19  summarizes  the  observations  made  and  recorded  by  the  sub- 
ject in  the  chamber  during  the  experiment. 

Table  19. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


Weight  of  subject. 

Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Cyclom- 
eter 
reading. 

Hygrometer. 

Time. 

"Without 
clothes. 

With 
clothes. 

Dry 
bulb. 

Wet 
bulb. 

1897. 
Mavis    7. no  n  111.. 

Kilograms. 
66.19 

Kilograms. 
70.22 
70.61 

60 

°F. 
97.0 

Miles. 

0  0. 

22.0 

OC. 

18  2 

18 

8.15  a.  m 

18 

8.20  a.  m 

323.0 

337.0 

18 

10  20  a.  m 

18 

10.25  a.  m 

70.29 

68 

98.8 

21.9 
22.2 

18  6 

18 

12.35  p.  m 

351.0 

19.8 

18 

1.30  p.  m 

70.54 

18 

3.55  p.  m 

364.0 
376.5 

18 

6.05  p.  m 

18 

7.00  p.  m 

66.40 

70.37 

18 

7.30  p.  m 

80 
78 
59 

98.9 
98.4 
96.4 

22.5 
22.5 
22.0 

21.0 

18 

10.20  p.  m 

70.25 
69.43 
70.25 

19.6 

19 

7.00  a.  m 

65.59 

18.8 

19 

8.20  a.  m 

19 

8.30  a.  m 

377.0 
390.0 

4 

19 

10  30  a.  m 

19 

10.40  a.  m 

70.00 
69.43 
70.49 
70.11 
69.54 

21.4 

22.2 

18.5 

19 

12.25  p.  m 

77 

99.0 

401.5 

19.2 

19 

1.40  p.  m 

19 

3.50  p.  m 

415.0 
429.0 

19 

6.00  p.m 

19 

6.15  p.  m 

88 

99.5 

21.6 

19.2 

19 

6.45  p.m 

66.65 

70.50 

19 

10.10  p.m 

66 

98.6 

28.5 

19.4 

19 

10.20  p.m 

70.01 
69.52 
70.56 
69.12 
70.31 
69.92 
69.33 
70.29 
70.03 

20 

7.00  a.  m 

65.04 

68 

96.2 

21.9 

18.8 

20 

8.10  a.  m 

20 

12.35  p.m 

77 

98.5 

456.0 

21.5 

19.0 

20 

1.20  p.m 

20 

3.45  p.m 

468.0 
480.0 

20 

5.55  p.  m 

79 

99.2 

22.0 

19.6 

20 

7.30  p.m 

66.42 

20 

10.00  p.m 

1.00  a.  m 

98.4 

21.6 

22.0 
21.6 

19.4 

21 

19.4 

21 

7.00  a.  m 

64.83 

68.64 

18.6 

21 

8.00  a.  m 

61 

97.2 

21 

9.05  a.  ra  . 

483.0 
506.0 

21 

12.35  p  m 

69.56 
70.11 

21.7 

19.0 

21 

1  40  p  m      

21 

1.50  p  m 

508.0 
521.0 
534.0 

21 

3  50  p  m 

69.72 
69.45 
70.51 
70.25 
69.50 

21 

5.55  p.  m 

79 

98.9 

21.6 

19.0 

21 

7.30  p.m 

66.49 

21 

10.00  p.m 

61 
60 

97.2 
96.8 

21.5 
21.9 

19.0 

22 

7.00  a.  m 

66.65 

18.4 

2824— No.  69- 


50 

The  daily  income  in  the  food  is  shown  in  Table  20.  The  calculations 
are  made  as  explained  in  description  of  similar  table  in  experiment 
No.  5. 

Taule  20. —  fVeifihi,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  6. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  material. 

"Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

Carbo- 

by- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion ^  de- 
ter- 
mined). 

2789 
2788 
2790 

Beef,  fried 

Ham,  deviled ... 
£"■"■8 

Crrams. 

100 

50 

54 

75 

850 

450 

50 

125 

300 

Grams. 

60.3 

21.1 

39.5 

7.0 

725.1 

197.  G 

Grams. 

29.8 

8.3 

7.6 

.7 

25.5 

37.3 

Grams. 

8.7 
18.4 

6.1 
65.5 
45.9 

7.2 

Grams. 

47.  G 
202.5 
50.0 
24.0 
53.7 

Grams. 
4.77 
1.32 
1.21 
.12 
4.08 
5.99 

1.44 
.15 

Grams. 
21.28 
18.05 

7.77 
47.12 
70.30 
114.  53 
21.05 
15.55 
21.03 

Grams. 
3.05 
2.46 
1.18 
7.75 
10.46 
17.32 
3.24 
2.16 
3.54 

Calories. 
242 
218 
104 

2793 
2799 
2803 
2786 
2791 
2792 

Butter 

597 

Milk 

795 

Brea<l,  white 

Sugar 

1,143 

198 

Beans,  baked  . . . 
Pears,  canned... 

89.2 
244.2 

9.0 

.9 

.5 
.6 

153 

228 

Total 

1,  384.  0 

119.1 

152.  9       .^77.  8 

19.08 

336.  68 

51.16 

3  678 

The  records  of  the  amounts  and  composition  of  the  feces  and  urine 
excreted  during  the  four  days  of  the  experiment  are  given  in  Tables  21 
and  22: 


Table  21. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 

experiment  No.  6. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Grams. 

37.7 
9.4 

Pat. 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion (de- 
ter- 
mined) . 

2808 

Total, 4  days.... 
\\»Tage,  Iday.. 

Grams. 
465.0 
116.3 

Grama. 

3G5.  5 
91.4 

Grains. 
19.1 

4.8 

Grams. 
26.0 
6.5 

Grams. 
6.00 
1.50 

Grams. 
49.48 
12.37 

Grams. 

7.25 
L81 

Calories. 
555 
139 

61 


Table  22. — Amounts  and  composition  of  vrine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


Period. 


Nitrogen 


Carbon. 


7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  ni 

1  a.m. to  7  a.  m 


Total 

Total  by  composite. 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m. 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m  . 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 


Total 

Total  by  composite. . 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  in  . 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m . 
7  p.m.  to  1  a. m  . 
1  a.  m.to  7  a.  m  . 


Total 

Total  by  composite. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


Total 

Total  by  composite.. 

Total  for  4  days,  by 
periods 

Composite  for  4  days 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ra 


Total. 


7  a. m.to  1  p.m. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 


52 


Table  22. 

Amounts  and  composition  of  mine — Jletaholism  experiment  No.  6— 

-Cont'd. 

Hydrogen. 

1 

i 

Water,             | 

E eats  of  combu stion 

Date. 

I'enoil. 

Per  gram . 

Total. 

1897. 
May   1.^-19 

1 
Per  cent,  j    Grams. 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

Caloiies. 

19-20 

1 

Tntil 

1 

4.05 

1 

1,275.0 

0.094 

127 

1 

1 

Totil 

3.86 

1,037.9 

.119 

132 

20-21 

1 

Total 

3.59 

967.4 

.115 

119 

21-22 

Total 

3.85 

1,  233. 5 

.094 

123 

Total  for  4  days,  by 



501 
1504 

Composite  for  4  days 

0.32 

15.35 

94.08 

4, 513.  8 

.105 

22-23 

1 .- 

1 

1  7  p  m  to  1  a.  m 

I 

I 

Total 

I 

1 

2.91 

1 

1, 148. 8 

.085 

103 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

2:5 

i           

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  in  ■ 

1 

1 

1                    i 

'  Total  heat  of  combn.stion  as  determined  in  dried  urine  also  giA^es  504  calories  (seep.  23). 

It  was  soon  found  that  when  the  subject  was  engaged  in  active  exer- 
cise on  the  bicycle  the  chamber  temperature  rose  enough  to  cause  some 
discomfort.  To  avoid  this  the  oilter  clothing  was  removed  during  the 
working  jieriods  and  the  subject  wore  only  his  underclothes.  These  were 
changed  ea<ih  day  after  the  work  was  done,  and  the  amount  of  water 
absorbed  by  them  was  determined.  In  the  description  of  the  work, 
experiments  on  i)age  24,  it  was  exidained  that  the  underclothing  was 
carefully  washed  in  distilled  Avater,  dried,  and  weighed  before  being 
passed  into  the  chamber  for  use.  The  underclothes  were  again  weighed 
as  soon  as  removed  from  the  chamber  and  the  increase  in  weight  recorded 
as  water,  the  amount  of  solid  material  absorbed  in  the  perspiration  being 
regarded  as  too  small  to  take  into  account.    The  clothes  were  passed  into 


53 


the  chamber  before  use  and  taken  out  after  use  iu  a  tij^htly  closed 
copper  cau,  iu  which  they  were  weighed.  The  quantity  otiiitiugei»iu  the 
products  of  perspiration  was,  however,  determined  by  extracting  the 
clothes  with  distilled  water,  evaporating  and  determining  the  nitrogen 
in  the  concentrated  residue  by  the  Kjeldahl  process  as  already  stated. 
The  quantities  of  water  and  nitrogen  removed  in  the  underclothes  are 
shown  in  Table  23. 

Tahi.e  23. —  JVater  removed  from  chamber  in  underclothes — Metabolism  experiment  No.  G. 


Period. 


Evening 
Do... 


Do. 
Do. 


Date. 


1897. 
May   17 
May   18 

May   18 
May  19 


Do May   19 

Do May  20 


Do. 
Do. 


Total 


May   20 
May  21 


Weight 
of  can 

and 
clotlies. 


Grams. 
1, 673. 0 
1,  704.  0 


1,  641.  5 
1,  664.  8 


1,606.0 
1,  632.  0 


1,  624.  7 
1,  647.  0 


Gam 

(water, 
etc.,  ab- 
sorbed). 


Grams. 


31.0 


23.3 


26.0 


22.3 


102.6 


Remarks. 


Contained  0. 28  gram  nitrogen. 


Contained  0. 23  gram  nitrogen. 


Contained  0. 20  gram  nitrogen. 


Contained  0. 17  gram  nitrogen. 


With  the  large  exhalation  of  water  from  the  body  which  accompanied 
the  rather  intense  muscular  exertion,  the  subject  required  more  drink- 
ing water  than  usual.  He  drank  ad  libitum  on  the  first  day.  The 
amount  was  recorded  and  he  received  the  same  quantities  on  each  of 
the  succeeding  days. 

RESIDUAL   CARBON   DIOXID   AND   WATER — DRIP   WATER,  OR  DRIP. 

These  terms,  which  are  used  in  the  descriptions  and  tables  of  this 
and  succeeding  experiments,  demand  a  word  of  explanation.  The  dif- 
ference between  the  quantity  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  incom- 
ing and  that  in  the  outgoing  air  current  for  a  given  period,  as  six 
hours,  does  not  represent  exactly  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  imparted  to  the  air  in  the  chamber  by  the  subject  during  the 
period,  because  the  quantities  remaining  in  the  chamber  at  the  end 
may  not  be  the  same  as  were  there  at  the  beginning  of  the  period.  For 
instance,  if  a  change  from  rest  to  work  is  made  during  the  period  the 
quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  will  be  increased,  and  the  air 
remaining  in  the  chamber  at  the  end  of  the  period  will  have  a  larger 
percentage  of  these  products  than  was  present  in  the  air  of  the  cham- 
ber at  the  beginning.  Furthermore,  with  the  increased  water  content 
of  the  air  consequent  upon  the  increased  muscular  work  the  amount  of 
water  accumulated  by  condensation  upon  the  absorbers  and  upon  and 
iu  the  shields  may  be  gradually  increased.  Indeed,  the  amount  of 
water  thus  condensed  in  the  periods  of  active  work  is  apt  to  be  so  large 
that  a  portion  gradually  drips  from  the  shields  into  the  ''drip  tlasks" 


54 

suspended  at  tbe  ends  of  the  shields.  Tliis  last  is  called  drip  water,  or 
drip.  Uu  the  other  hand,  with  a  change  from  work  to  rest  ihe  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  given  off  by  tlie  snbject  will  be  diminished,  and  the 
weights  of  these  in  tlie  air  of  the  chamber  and  the  weight  of  water  con- 
densed npon  the  surfaces  of  the  absorbers  and  shields  will  be  less  at 
the  end  than  at  the  beginning. 

It  is  therefore  necessary  to  determine  the  gain  or  loss  of  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  in  the  air  of  the  chamber  and  of  water  on  the  surfaces 
of  the  absorbers  and  shields  during  each  experimental  period  in  order 
to  learn  exactly  how  much  of  each  is  given  off  by  the  subject  during 
the  j)eriod.  To  this  end  special  samples  of  the  air  are  drawn  from  the 
chamber  at  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  each  i^eriod,  and  the  quanti- 
ties of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  are  determined.  If  the  drip  water  has 
accumulated  in  the  flasks  it  is  either  passed  out  of  the  chamber  and 
weighed  or,  if  the  quantity  is  small,  its  volume  is  measured  inside  the 
chamber.  The  system  of  absorbers  and  shields  is  weighed  at  the 
beginning,  middle,  and  end  of  each  of  the  day  i^eriods;  that  is,  at  7  a. 
m.,  1  p.  m.,  and  7  p.  m.  The  samples  of  residual  air  are  drawn  by  a 
small  aspirator  and  passed  over  sulphuric  acid  and  soda-lime  as  in  the 
determination  of  these  materials  in.  the  ventilating  air  current.  The 
methods  employed  for  taking  the  samples,  determining  the  carbon 
dioxid  and  water,  and  applying  the  corrections  are  described  in  the 
publication  already  referred  to.^ 

QUANTITIES   OF   WATER   ADHERINa  TO   THE   COPPER   WALLS   OF  THE 

CHAMBER. 

The  quantities  of  water  which  are  condensed  upon  the  inner  surfiice 
of  the  copper  walls  of  the  calorimeter  vary  with  the  amounts  in  the  air 
of  the  chamber  and  the  temperature  of  the  latter.  A  series  of  special 
experiments  made  for  the  purpose  of  testing  this  question  has  per- 
suaded us  that  the  quantities  thus  adhering  to  smooth  sheet  copi)er  are 
small  and  that  differences  under  the  conditions  of  the  metabolism 
experiment  are  so  slight  that  they  would  not  materially  affect  the 
results.  The  experiments  for  determining  the  quantities  of  water  con- 
densed on  the  surface  of  copper  were  made  as  follows:  A  rectangular 
sheet  of  copper  ju'esenting  approximately  2  square  meters  of  surface 
was  rolled  into  the  form  of  a  spiral  and  suspended  in  a  wooden  box  by  a 
wire  which  passed  through  a  small  hole  in  the  top  of  the  box  and  was 
attached  to  the  arm  of  a  balance  sensitive  to  centigrams.  By  appro- 
piiate  devices  the  temi)erature  and  water  content  of  the  air  in  the  box 
were  caused  to  vary  through  ranges  similar  to  those  which  obtain  in 
the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter  in  different  experiments.  The  sheet  of 
cojiper  was  allowed  to  remain  for  a  considerable  time,  from  twelve  to 
tw(Mity-four  hours,  in  the  atniosphere  of  the  box,  in  order  that  the  water 
condensed  upon  its  surface  might  accommodate  itself  to  the  condition 
of  moisture  and  temperature.  The  differences  in  weight  were  assumed 
to  represent  differences  in  the  amounts  of  water  condensed  upon  the 
surface.    The  extreme  differences  found  in  these  experiments  amounted 


U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63,  pp.  37,  65. 


55 

to  less  than  3  centigrams  per  siiiuire  meter  of  surface.  This  would 
correspoud  to  0.54  gram  for  the  wbole  18  square  meters  of  the  inner 
surface  of  the  chamber. 

It  seems  to  us  extremely  improbabh^.  that  such  variations  in  the 
amounts  of  water  condensed  upon  the  whole  interior  surface  of  the 
respiration  chamber  and  air  pipes  between  the  points  where  samples 
were  taken  for  analysis  would  be  sufficient  to  affect  materially  the 
results  of  the  experiments.  It  may,  however,  become  necessary  to 
take  these  variations  into  account  in  future  efforts  to  secure  more  accu- 
rate determinations  of  water  and  hydrogen,  but  at  present  we  consider 
the  errors  here  involved  as  less  than  the  unavoidable  errors  in  the 
determinations  of  water  and  hydrogen  in  the  food  and  excretory 
products. 

The  results  of  the  measurements  of  the  residual  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  are  summarized  in  the  following  table: 

Tabli-:  24. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginninf/  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabo- 
lism experiment  ^o.  6. 


Date. 


1897. 
May  18-19 


19-20 


20-21 


21-22 


End  of  period. 


7  a.  m 
1  p.  m 
7  p.  m 
1  a.  m 
7  a.  m 


Total 


1  p.  ni 
7  p.  m 
1  a.  m 
7  a.  m  . 


Total 


1  p.  m, 
7  p.  m . 
1  a.  m  . 
7  a.  m  . 


Total 


1  p.  m  , 
7  p.  in 
1  a.  ni 
7  a.  m 


Total 

Total  for  4  days . 


Carbon  dioxid. 


Grams, 

34.3 

104.2 

115.6 

63.4 

33.8 


110.2 

106.4 

45.8 

32.4 


122.9 

89.1 
48.0 
37.6 


112.2 
79.7 
29.7 
30.5 


o  « 
cs  o  S 


Orams. 


+69.9 
+  11.4 
—52.2 
—29.6 


Water. 


>   O 

a 

o  a 


3§s 

H 


+  ' 


Grams 
63.6 
67.3 
73.9 
73.2 
63.5 


Grams. 


—    .5 


+76.4 
-3.8 
—60.6 
—13.4 


68.8 

71.8 
71.5 
64.6 


—  1.4 


+90.5 
—33.8 
—41.1 
—10.4 


58.6 
68.4 
67.7 
64.4 


+  5.2 


+  74.6 
-32.5 
—50.0 

+     .8 


70.2, 
63.5 
59.9 
56.8 


—  7.1 


3.8 


+3.7 
+6.6 
—  .7 
—9.7 


—  .1 


'So 

c3  O  o 

o 


a  n 
•S5 


a  2 

o 
H 


Grams.  Grams.    Grams. 


+214 

339.7 

+ 

557.4 

+  31 

688.9 

+ 

726.5 

—  35 

134.9 

+ 

99.0 

—  35 

134.9 

+ 

90.4 

+  175   1,298.4  I  +1,473.3 


+  1.1  —105 


—6.0  -f-185 
+  9.8  —  45 
—  .  7  —  38 


343.5  ,  +  450.8 

506    +  559. 0 

139    +  40. 2 

139    +  33.  G 


1, 187.  5     +1,  083.  6 


—3.3 


+5.8 
—6.7 
—3.6 
—3.1 


-7.6 


—  38 


+  64 


f  61 
+  49 

—  43.5 

—  43.5 


+  23 


—6.8    +157 


319. 6  +  498. 6 

620.  5  +  585.  3 

80.6  +  41.9 

80.7  +  39.4 


1,101.4     +1,165.2 


190.9     +     257.7 
511.6  i  +     553.9 


102.5  ;  + 
102.5     + 


55.4 
55.9 


907.5     +     922.9 


4,494.8     +4,645.0 


56 

The  records  of  carbou  dioxid  and  water  vai^or  in  the  ventilating  air 
current  have  been  given  in  detail  in  the  account  of  this  experiment  in 
the  previous  i)ublication  already  referred  to.^  The  results  in  daily 
periods  are  summarized  in  Table  25.  These  have  been  corrected  for  the 
amounts  of  residual  carbon  dioxid  and  water,  drip,  etc.,  and  show  the 
total  amount  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  exhaled  bj^  the  subject  during 
each  day  of  the  experiment.  For  the  details  by  six-hour  periods  refer- 
ence may  be  made  to  Tables  25  and  27,  jDages  79  and  81  of  Bulletin 
No.  63. 

Tablk  25. — Summari/  of  cardon  dioxid  and  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism 

experiment.  No.  6. 


Date. 


1897. 

May  18-19 

19-20 

20-21 

21-22 


Carbon  dioxid. 


O 


i! 


O 


Liters.   Gram,s.  Grams.  Grams. 
a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. .      91,  273'  1, 334.  9     —0,  5   1,  334. 4 

-do !     94,260   1,255.8     —1.4   1,254.4 

do j    91,958:1,260.5     +5.2    1,265.7 

do 95,889    l,2l5.l'     — 7. 1    1,  208.  0 


Water. 


H 


(E    eg 
<0 


5  u 

ruS  © 

©  a 

6  ^ 
PI-'- 

o  * 
O 


Grams.  Grams.]  Grams.,  Grams.  Grams. 
364.0  29.7  1,080.9  1,473.312,583.9 
342.  II  32.  5|  1, 109.  Z  1, 083.  e'  2,  225. 4 
345.1;  40.7  1,099.9  1,165.2  2,305.8 
329.  o'      25.  e'  1, 125.  8       922.  9   2,  074.  3 


Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day.. 


373,380    5,066.3 
I 
93,3451 


-3.8   5,062.5   1,380.7 
...-I  1,265.6       345.2 


128.5   4,415.9  4,645.0   9.189.4 
1 1  2,297.4 


'  The  value  given  in  Bulletin  63  for  the  -water  exhaled  was  2,513.4  grams.     This  did  not  include  70.5 
grams  "drip." 

The  details  of  the  calorimetric  observations  by  six-hour  i)eriods  are 
given  in  Table  29,  page  82  of  Bulletin  l^o.  63.  They  are  summarized 
for  individual  days  in  Table  26  herewith. 

Table  26. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metaholism  experiment  No.  6. 


CO 

tem- 
of 
ter. 

o 
©    . 

.Z  T  X  w 

o 

©  08  fO 

© 

«.-  P  ® 

(3 

s    •"*        J^ 

c9 

-^  ^  © 

-*^'S 

^  ^ 

Date. 

Period. 

S| 

O  S   3 

>..£ 

C  ==«  a: 

o 

>  O  tt 

©  a 

fa.  o     . 

© 

<s  i  ca 
J  P.© 

11 

U    N 

©•" 

a 

-Or: 

za      ^^^ 
3  =-       =  i  s 

W 

Degrees. 

O 

o 

w 

H             S 

1897. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Grains. 

Calories. 

CoZorie*. 

Calorics. 

May  18-19 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

3,  343.  8 

-fO.15 

+9 

—40.5 

1, 110.  5 

657.4 

3, 969. 7 

270 

19-20 

do 

3,  025.  2 

—  .02 

-l'      —31.7 

1, 141.  8 

675.9 

3, 668. 4 

230 

20-21 

do 

3,091.1 

—  .13 

-8       —47.  9   1, 140. 6 

675.2 

3,  710.  4 

268 

21-22 

do 

Total,  4  days.... 

2, 897.  6 

-f  .11 

7       —29.4   1,151.4 

681.6 

3,  550. 8 

255 

12, 357.  7 

4,544.3 

2  690  1 

14  905  3 

1,023 
256 

Average,  1  day.. 

3,  089. 4 

072.5 

3  7''6  3 



1 

i  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63,  pp.  79, 81. 


57 

Table  1*7  shows  the  computed  income  and  out<(o  of  nitrogen  and 
carbon.  The  methods  of  calcuhition  are  the  same  as  those  already 
described  under  simihir  tables  in  connection  with  experiment  No.  5. 

Table  27. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon . 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(d) 

ie) 

(/) 

(9) 

(h) 

(*) 

'T 

'6 

T 

2 

Date. 

Periotl. 

IB 

H 

. 

"«3 
a 

(0 

0) 

95 

airato 
nets 

If 

Q 

« 

■fi 

o 

o 

35 

■"•  1 

<2 

=£ 

^ 

a 

^ 

s 

» 
U 

C3  «) 

0 

^ 

a 

C3 

P! 

a 

0 

a 

cd 

H 

M 

M 

O 

M 

M 

M 

M 

O 

1897. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

(t  ins. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gm,s. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

il  ay  18-19 

7a.  ni.te  7  a.m. 

19.1 

1.5 

17.5 

+0.1 

336.7 

12.4 

13.1 

364.0 

—  52.8 

19-20 

do 

19.1 

1.5 

16.6 

+1.0 

336.7 

12.4 

12.6 

342.1 

—  30.4 

20-21 

tlo 

19.1 

1.5 

15.4 

+2.2 

336.7 

12.4 

11.7 

345.2 

—  32.6 

21-22 

do 

Total, 4  days... 

19.1 

1.5 

16.5 

+  1.1 

336.7 

12.4 

12.5 

329.  4 

—  17.6 

76.4 

6.0 

66.0 

+  4.4 

1,346.8 

49.6 

49.9 

1,  380.  7 

—133.  4 

Average,  1  day. 

19.1 

1.5 

16.5 

+  1.1 

336.7 

12.4 

12.5 

345.2 

—  33.4 

'Including  nitrogen  of  perspiration  (see  p.  53). 

In  this  experiment  the  subject  was  allowed  a  definite  amount  of 
water  each  day  in  addition  to  the  coffee  infusion  which,  as  above 
e.xidained,  is  here  considered  as  consisting  entirely  of  water.  The 
amounts  of  coifee  infusion  and  drinking  water  consumed  on  different 
days  of  this  experiment  are  as  follows : 

Record  of  drinking  irater  and  coffee — Metabolisin  experiment  No.  6. 


Date. 


May  18  ... . 
19.... 

20  ... . 

21  .... 

Total 


Cottee 
infusion. 

Drinking 
water,    i 

Grams. 

Gramas. 

876.1 

800 

894.7 

800 

886.8 

800 

868.5 

800 

3,  526. 1 

3,200 

Total 
drink. 


1, 676. 1 
1,  694.  7 
1,  686.  8 
1,  668.  5 

6,  726. 1 


The  reason  for  the  slight  variation  from  day  to  day  in  the  amount  of 
coffee  is  found  in  the  failure  of  the  subject  to  drain  the  entire  300 
grams  served  from  the  vessel  containing  it.  The  drinking  water  was 
drained  much  more  completely,  and  the  amounts  left  in  the  flask  in 
which  it  was  served  in  this  experiment  were  not  sufficient  to  weigh. 


58 

The  computed  iucome  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen  in  experiment 
No.  6  is  shown  in  Table  28.: 

Table  28, — Income  and  ouUjo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


Date. 


Period. 


1897.       j 
May  18-19     7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

19-20    do 

20-21    do 

21-22    do 


Water. 


(a) 


(h) 


(c) 


id) 


(e) 


<C   o 


Grams. 
1,  384.  0 
1,  384.  0 
1,  384.  0 
1,  384.  0 


Grams. 
1, 676.  I 
1,  694. 7 
1,  686.  8 
1,  668. 5 


Grains, 
91.4 
91.4 
91.4 
91.4 


Grams. 
1,  275.  0 
1,  037.  9 
967.  4 
1,  233.  5 


Grams. 
2,  614.  9 
2,  248.  7 
2,  331.  8 
2,  096.  6 


Total,  4  days.. 
Average,  1  day 


5,  536.  0 
1,  384.  0 


6,  726. 1 
1,681.5 


365.6 
91.4 


(/) 


30  la 

O  -r- 


Grams. 

—  921.2 

—  299. 3 

—  319.8 

—  369. 0 


4,  513.  8  j    9,  292.  0     —1,  909.  3 
1,128.4  I     2,323.0      -     477.3 


Date. 


Period. 


1897. 

May  18-19     7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
19-20  ' do 


Hydrogen. 


ig) 


20-21 
21-22 


.do. 
.do- 


Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day 


Grams. 
51.2 
51.1 
51.2 
51.1 


(h) 


Grams. 

,  1.8 

1.8 
1.8 
1.8 


(^■) 


Grams. 
4.0 
3.9 
3.6 
3.9 


il) 


Ch-ams. 
-h  45.4 
+  45.4 
+  45.8 
+  45.4 


(m) 


OD  cS  •\- 
Hi 


in) 

+T. 


txS 


204.  G 
.'31.  2 


7.2 
1.8 


15.4 
3.9 


+182.0 
+  45.5 


Grams. 
—102.4 

—  33.3 

—  35.5 

—  41.0 


Grams. 
—57. 0 

+  12.1 
+  10.3 

+  4.4 


-212.  2 
-  53.0 


—30.2 
—  7.5 


*  Including  water  in  perspiration  (.see  p.  53). 


59 

The  gain  or  loss  of  proteiu,  fat,  and  water  in  experiment  No.  (>,  com- 
puted as  in  tbe  previous  experiment,  is  shown  in  Table  2!): 

Tablk  29. — (iain  or  loss  of  proteiu  {N  X  6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  6. 


Date. 


Periotl. 


(a) 

o 
+ 


1897. 
]S[ay  18-19     7  a.  m.  to 

19-20  ' ilo... 

20-21  ] do... 

21-22    do... 


Chratns. 
+0.1 
+1.0 

+2.2 
+  1.1 


(M 


+« 


(<•) 


+ 


ID 
9  -i 

fee  J, 


o 


('0 


e8  V 


o 


(0 


o 
■"  + 


«8  bC-S. 


Grama. 

+  O.G 
+  6.3 
+13.7 

+  G.  0 


Grams. 

—  52.8 

—  30.4 

—  32.6 

—  17.6 


Grams. 

+  0.3 
+  3.3 

I-  7.3 
-1-   3.  .- 


Grams. 

—  53.1 

—  33.7 

—  30.9 

—  21. :! 


Total,  4  dajs  . . 
AA'erage,  1  daj' 


(/) 


—  in 
-ri- 


ce 


Grams. 

—  69.4 

—  44.1 

—  52.2 

—  27.8 


-!       +4. 

4 

+27. 

5 

—133. 

4 

+  14.6 

—148.0 

—193.  5 

i     +1- 

1 
1 

+  6. 

9 

—  33 

4 

+  3.6 

-  37.0 

—  48.4 

Date. 


1897. 

Maj'  18-19 

19-20 

20-21 

21-22 


Period. 


7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

...  do  

.-.-do  

...do 

lotal,  4  days.. 
Average,  1  day 


(?) 


"S 


<0 


(h) 


o  ^ 
H 


O    X 


2.S< 

w 


Grams. 
—57.0 
+  12.1 
+  10.3 

+  4.4 


-30.2 

-  7.5 


Grams. 
+0.1 
+0.4 
+0.9 
+0.5 


(i) 


a^ 


0.2 

fc»S 
fci  — ■ 


(i) 


.+3 

0)  O 


•=+.^ 
O       -4- 

5a,  a; -s 

OH"-' 

^V.  1 


Grams. 

—  8.3 

—  5.3 

—  6.3 

—  3.3 


Grams. 
—48.8 
+  17.0 
+15.7 

+  7.2 


(I) 


'So 

be  I 


Grams. 


—439.2 
+153.0 
+141.3 
+  64.8 


+  1.9 

+  .5 


23.2 
5.8 


8.9 
2  2 


—  80.1 

—  20.0 


60 

The  computed  income  and  outgo  of  energy  is  given  in  the  following 
table: 

Table  30. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  6. 


(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(fO 

(<-) 

(/) 

(9) 

(h) 

(»■) 

%^ 

Cm 

=tH 

'  a    ■ 

,  _, 

i    03 

f-'  fl 

^  fl 

o 

C 

o 

O  P 

S^^ 

-£  « 

5rP 

o 

O 

a 
o 

«w  be 

§4^ 

+i    . 

^i 

O   L.    3 

o        . 

fct  1  ,^ 

-'^  1  c~~ 

Date. 

Period. 

2  s 
I* 

00 

o  ^ 

lated  heat 
tiou    of    p 
aed  (+)  or  1 

^1i 
§3^ 

® 

"3 

(S 

fl  »:£ 

o 

O  p3 

o 

1«r 

®  o  e 

CS  "^    ►-■■ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

|^  + 

•s;^5 

-4^ 

^+^ 

CS  +  05 

O) 

<c 

© 

»-=  Wl 

^-2  — 

^-t^'^ 

® 

0    v—    (C 

©  ^  ® 

W 

w 

w 

H 

H 

w 

w 

w 

w 

1897. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Per 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ce?(f. 

May   18-19 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 

3,678 

139 

127 

+     4 

—    652 

4,060 

3,970 

—  90 

—2.2 

19  20 

do 

3,678 
3,678 

139 
139 

132 
119 

+  36 

+  78 

—  415 

—  491 

3,786 
3,833 

3,668 
3,710 

—118 
—123 

—3.1 

20-21 

do 

—3.2 

21  22 

do 

3,678 

139 

123 

+  40 

—    261 

3,637 

3,557 

—  80 

—2.2 

Total,  4  days.. 

14,  712 

556 

501 

+158 

—1,819 

15,  31G 

14,  905 

—411 

—2.7 

Average,  1  day 

3,678 

139 

125 

+  40 

—    455 

3,829 

3,726 

The  theoretical  income  of  energy  in  this  experiment  averaged  3,829 
calories  per  day  and  the  measured  outgo  3,726,  or  97.3  per  cent  of  the 
theoretical  income,  thus  making  a  discrepancy  of  2.7  per  cent.  While 
this  agreement  is  closer  than  that  found  in  the  X)receding  experiment, 
it  is  still  far  from  satisfactory.  There  are  various  errors  of  experi- 
ment which  may  serve  in  i)art  to  account  for  the  discrepancy.  One, 
the  sampling  of  food  materials,  has  alr^eady  been  referred  to  and 
appears  in  the  preceding  and  in  the  two  following  experiments,  as 
well  as  in  this  experiment — that  is,  in  the  first  four  of  the  series.  One 
source  of  uncertainty  in  this  experiment,  however,  was  due  to  the 
muscular  work  performed  by  the  subject,  which  was  at  times  rather 
severe.  Heat  was  developed  within  the  apparatus  at  a  rapid  rate,  and 
the  changes  in  temperature  inside  the  chamber  were  considerable.  We 
are  inclined  to  think  that  the  heat  measurements  under  these  circum- 
stances were  less  accurate  than  usual,  and  that  minor  modifications  in 
apparatus  and  manipulation,  which  have  been  i)rovided  for  in  later 
experiments,  have  helped  and  will  helj)  to  diminish  them. 

DETAILS  OF  METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.   7. 

This  was  a  so-called  alcohol  exi)eriment.  The  object  is  outlined  on 
page  ().  A  i)ortion  of  the  usual  diet  was  replaced  by  an  isodynamic 
quantity  of  ethyl  alcohol.  The  diet  furnislied  104  grams  of  protein 
and  somewhat  less  than  2,000  calories  of  energy  aside  from  that  in  the 
alcohol  which  it  was  calculated  would  furnish  a  little  over  500  calories 
of  energy  per  day.     The  subject  was  ^'  at  restj  "  that  is  to  say,  he  had 


61 

as  little  muscular  exercise  as  was  cousisteut  with  convenience  and 
comfort.  The  total  amount  of  protein  and  energy  in  the  diet  was  such 
as  had  been  found  sufilcient  to  maintain  the  body  nearly  in  nitrogen 
and  carbon  equilibrium.  Opportunity  was  thus  given  to  test  the  com- 
l)leteness  of  the  oxidation  of  the  alcohol  in  the  body,  the  agreement  of 
the  amount  of  kinetic  energy  i)roduced  by  such  oxidation  with  the 
potential  energy  of  the  same  amount  of  alcohol  as  measured  by  its 
heat  of  combustion  iu  the  bomb  calorimeter,  and  also  the  action  of  the 
alcohol  in  protecting  protein  and  fat  from  oxidation.  The  usual  pre- 
liminary period  of  four  days  was  spent  outside  the  chamber  with  the 
same  diet  as  in  the  experiment  proper. 

The  subject  entered  the  chamber  on  the  evening  of  June  7,  1897. 
The  experiment  i^roper  began  at  7  a.  m.  the  following  morning.  The 
subject  spent  the  time  not  required  for  the  routine  observations  called 
for  by  the  dail}^  programme  in  reading,  writing,  and  sleeping.  The 
alcohol  was  administered  in  the  form  of  high-grade  commercial  spirits 
containing  90.6  per  cent  of  ethyl  hydroxid,  as  it  was  thought  desirable 
in  this  case  to  test  the  effect  of  ethyl  alcohol  as  such  rather  than  in  the 
form  of  whisky,  brandy,  or  other  ordinary  alcoholic  beverage.  The 
amount  was  such  as  to  furnish  72.5  grams  of  ethyl  hydroxid  per  day. 
To  this  amount  of  alcohol  and  45  grams  of  sugar  were  added  an 
amount  of  coffee  infusion  sufficient  to  make  1,000  grams  i)er  day.  The 
alcohol  was  thus  administered  in  six  doses,  three  larger  ones  with  the 
meals  and  three  smaller  between  meals.  The  proportions  at  the 
different  times  were:  With  breakfast,  150  cubic  centimeters  (11.5  grams 
alcohol);  at  10.30  a.  m.,  100  cubic  centimeters  (7.G  grams  alcohol);  for 
dinner,  250  cubic  centimeters  (19.1  grams  alcohol);  at  3.30  j).  m., 
100  cubic  centimeters  (7.6  grams  alcohol);  at  supper,  250  cubic 
centimeters  (19.1  grams  alcohol);  before  retiring,  the  remainder  (not 
far  from  100  cubic  centimeters,  containing  7.6  grams  alcohol).  The 
quantities  of  alcohol  were  not  large  as  compared  with  those  which 
moderate  drinkers  are  accustomed  to  consume.  The  total  amount, 
72.5  grams,  or  2 J  ounces,  is  about  as  much  as  would  be  contained  in  a 
bottle  of  ordinary  Ehine  wine  or  claret  with  10  per  cent  absolute  alco- 
hol and  a  little  less  than  would  be  furnished  in  three  ordinary  glasses  of 
whisky  each  containing  2  ounces  of  45  per  cent  alcohol.^  The  reason 
for  taking  the  alcohol  in  these  small  doses  was  to  avoid  appreciable 
effect  upon  the  nerves,  as  the  purpose  was  to  get  light  upon  the  action 
of  alcohol  under  normal  bodily  conditions.  As  will  be  seen  from  Table 
33,  the  pulse  and  body  temperature  did  not  differ  materially  from  those 
of  other  experiments  and  the  subject  was  not  conscious  of  any  mental 
or  physical  disturbance  or  other  si^ecial  effect  of  the  alcohol  except 
possibly  a  slight  sense  of  dullness  at  times.  The  subject  was  a  Swede, 
and  had  come  to  this  country  after  reaching  maturity.  He  had  been 
accustomed  from   boyhood  to  occasional   use  of  malt  and  distilled 


See  computations  iu  The  Century  Magazine,  May,  1888,  pp.  138, 139. 


62 

li(luors,  but  of  late  years  had  partaken  of  these  but  seldom  and  in 
small  quantities.  During  the  time  of  these  exi)eriments,  including 
the  periods  which  preceded  and  folloAved  those  with  alcohol,  he  took  no 
si^irituous  liquor  except  that  administered  in  the  alcohol  experiments. 
This  he  did  in  accordance  with  a  special  arrangement  by  which  he 
became  a  total  abstainer  except  at  the  times  and  for  the  purpose  of 
these  experiments. 

The  menu,  daily  programme,  summary  of  the  diary,  and  exi)erimental 
and  computed  data  of  income  and  outgo  are  given  in  Tables  31-41. 
The  explanations  which  accompany  the  tables  of  experiments  i^os.  5 
and  6  appty  to  those  of  experiment  No.  7.  But  in'  addition  to  the 
usual  data  of  outgo  there  were  in  this  experiment  determinations  of 
alcohol  eliminated  as  such  in  the  urine  and  in  the  respiratory  products. 
These  determinations  are  shown  in  Table  41. 

Table  31. — Daily  menu — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  7. 


Menu. 

Grams. 

Menu. 

Grams. 

BREAKFAST. 

140 

5 

50 

30 

150 

170 

5 

45 

DINNER — continued . 
Bated  beans 

125 

Butter 

Canned  pears 

Coffee  and  alcohol 

150 

Milk       

250 

live  bread 

SUPPER. 

Dried  beef 

Coflfee  and  alcohol 

25 

DIXNER. 

Butter 

5 

Milk 

525 

Butter 

Kye  bread 

75 

Coffee  and  alcohol 

250 

Besides  the  coffee  and  alcohol  consumed  at  the  regular  meals,  100 
grams  was  consumed  in  the  middle  of  the  forenoon,  100  grams  in  the 
middle  of  the  afternoon,  and  the  remainder — about  100  grams — ^just 
before  retiring. 

Tajjle  .32. — Dailtj  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


7.00  a.m. 

Rise,  pass  urine,  weigh  self  stripped 

6.30  p.m. 

Supper. 

and  drfssed,   collect   drip,  weigh  ; 

7.00  p.m. 

Pass  urine,  weigh  self  stripped  and 

absorbers. 

dressed,    collect    drip,   weigh    ab- 

7.50 a.  ni. 

I5reakfa8t. 

sorbers. 

10.00  a.m. 

Drink  alcohol. 

9.00  p.  m. 

Drink  remainder  of  alcohol. 

1.00  p.m. 

Pass  urine,  colle<.t  driji,  weigh  ab- 

10.00 p.m. 

Drink  300  grams  water,  weigh  self 

sorbers. 

dressed. 

1.30  p.m. 

Dinner,  200  grams  water 

1,00  a.m. 

Pass  urine. 

3.30  p.m. 

Drink  .-ilcohol. 

63 


Tablk  33. — Summary  of  diarij — Mdaholism  experiment  .Vo.  7. 


Tinio. 


1897. 


7.00  a. 

9.00  a. 
11.00  a. 

1.00  p. 

3.30  p. 

5.30  p. 

7.00  p. 

7.30  p. 

9.30  p. 
10  00  p. 

1.00  a. 

7.00  a. 

9.00  a. 
11.00  a. 

1.00  p. 

3.00  p. 

.5.00  p. 

6.30  p. 

7.00  p. 

9.00  p. 

9.45  p. 

1.00  a. 

7.00  a. 

7.30  a. 

9.50  a. 
11.30  a. 

1.00  p. 

1.35  p. 

3. .30  p. 

5.30  p. 

7.00  p. 

7.30  p. 

9.30  p. 
10.00  p. 

1.00  a. 

7.00  a. 

7.30  a. 

9.30  a. 
11.30  a. 

1.00  p. 

1.35  p. 

3.10  p. 

5.10  p. 

7.00  p. 

7.15  p. 

9.35  p. 
10.00  p. 

1.00  a. 

7.00  a. 


Weight  of  subject. 


"Without 
clothes. 


With 
clothes. 


Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 


Kilograms.   Kilogram,s. 
06.68  I  70.74 


67.50 


06.70 


66.88 


65.80 


66.76 


65.87 


66.86 


70.  52 


71.48 


71.40 


70.71 


70.22 


70.82 


ro.7i 


69.79 


69.93 


70.77 


70.40 


69.90 


69.  93" 


71.11 


65.98 


70.75 


70.00 


63 
67 
59 
58 
61 
GO 


Temper- 
ature. 


70 
56 


60 
60 
75 
71 
67 
68 
67 
80 


74 
70 
68 


Hygrometer. 


Dry 
bulb. 


Wet 
bulb. 


o  f^ 

95.7 
98.8 
98.0 
98.0 
98.2 
98.0 


OO 

1 

22. 

0 

21. 

5 

21. 

5 

21. 

8 

21.0 
21.5 


o  C. 
18.2 
17.6 
17.4 
17.9 
18.0 
17.8 


99.0 
98.0 


21.8 
21.9 


97.2 

96.2 

98.8 

98.4 

09.4 

99.2 

09.0  t 

93.0 


22.4 
22.2 
21.5 
21.5 
21.7 
21.8 
21.6 
21.8 


99.0 


98.0 


96.7 
97.8 
99.0 


21.5 


21.8 


21.7 
21.8 
21.  G 


98.8 
99.0 
98.8 


21.  G 
21.7 
21.8 


18.2 
18.6 


20.0 
19.0 
17.6 
17.8 
18.0 
18.6 
18.4 
18.6 


18.8 


19.6 


17.8 
17.8 
17.8 


P8.9 

21.6 

17.8 

99.2 

21.8 

18.4 

99.3 

21,5 

17.8 

82  1 

100.0 

21.7 

18.7 

68  1 

98.7 

21.5 

18.8 

G8 

97.4 

22.0 

19.1 

59 

96.1 

21.5 

17.4 

68 

97.0 

21.4 

17.4 

71 

99.1 

21.4 

17.0 

17.9 
18.0 
18.4 


85 
72 

99.7    21.  G 
99.  0    22. 0 

18.5 
19.4 

65 

97.  4    21.  7 
... ...  . ... 

18.6 

64 

Table  34. —  WeUjht,  composition,  and  heats  of  comiustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  7. 


Labo- 
ra- 
tory 
iS'o. 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  da  J . 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined) . 

2795 
2796 
2798 
2801 

Beef,  fried 

Beef,  dried 

Eggs,  boiled 

Butter 

Grams. 
169.0 

25.0 
141.0 

15.0 
575.0 
150.0- 

45.0 
125.0 
150.0 

Gram,s. 

112.9 

16.4 

112.7 

1.5 

500.2 

63.6 

Grams. 
43.1 
6.1 
14.1 

.2 
20.1 
12.6 

Grams. 
11.3 

.7 
12.8 
12.9 
27.6 

.9 

Grams. 

22.4 
70.5 
45.0 
24.9 
27.6 

Gi-ams. 
6.90 

.98 
2.25 

.03 
3.22 
2.01 

1.25 
.06 

Grams. 
29.22 

3.58 
15.45 

9.41 
38.87 
38.57 
18.95 
15.70 
11.00 

Grams. 

4.38 
.54 
2,50 
1.47 
5.69 
5.30 
2.92 
2.23 
1.77 

Calories. 

340 

40 

201 

119 

2800 

Milk     

427 

2804 
2786 

Bread,  rye 

Sugar 

Beans,  baked  . . . 
Pears,  canned.. - 

Total 

373 
178 

2797 

88.6 
120.7 

7.7 
.5 

1.2 

.8 

157 
115 

1,  016.  6 

104.4 

68.2 

190.4 
1 123.  0 

16.70 

180.  75 
37.  S2 

26.80 
9.46 

1,950 

Alcohol 

72.5 

512 

Total 

1,  016.  6 

104.4 

68.2 

313.4 

16.70 

218.  .57       36.26 

2,462 

'  One  gram  of  alcohol  calculated  as  isodynamically  equivalent  to  1.7  grams  carbohydrates,  this  being 
the  ratio  of  the  heats  of  combustion  (4.1  to  7.1). 

Table  3.5. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 

experiment  No.  7. 


Labo- 
ra- 
tory 
No. 

Weight. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

C-bo-    Nitro- 
drates.      S^"" 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heats  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2810 

Feces,  4  days 

Average,  Iday.. 

Grams. 

198.0 

49.5 

Grams. 

140.  60 
35.15 

Grams. 
22.4 
5.6 

Grams. 
9.7 
2.4 

Grams. 
15.1 
3.8 

Grams. 
3.58 
.00 

Grams. 

26.59 

6.65 

Grams. 
3.51 

.88 

Calories. 
303 
76 

G5 

Table  36. — Amounts  and  composition  of  n Hue — AletaboUsm  experiment  No.  7. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

1897. 
Juno      8-9 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

Grams. 
473.3 
318.7 
480.0 
185.4 

1.025 
1.026 
1.017 
1.025 

Per  cent. 
1.37 
1.34 
1.14 
1.79 

Grams. 
6.48 
4.27 
.5.47 

•   :i.:.2 

Per  cent.     Grams. 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

Total  by  composite. . . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1,457.4 
1,457.4 

19.54 

14  64 

1.34 

19.53 

9-10 

649.0 
732.0 
659.0 
162.8 

1.015 
1.016 
1.012 
1.024 

.79 

.72 

.72 
1.62 

5.13 
5.28 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

4.74 
2.64 

Total 

2,  202.  8 
2,  202. 8 

17.79 
17.84 

13  33 

Total  l)y  composite. . . 
7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  Ill 

.81 

10-11 

437.1 
439.2 
321.9 
^01.0 

1.016 
1.023 
1.020 
1.019 

.92 
1.00 
1.23 
1.23 

4.02 

1  p.  m .  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

4.39 
3.96 
3.70 



Total 

1,499.2 
1,499.2 

16.07 

12  04 

Total  by  composite. . . 
7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1.08 

16: 19 

11-12 

273.5 
392.0 
531.0 
181.5 

1.024 
1.  022 
1.017 
1.024 

1.37 
1.25 
1.05 
1.68 

3.75 
4.90 

1  ]».  m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

5.58 
3.05 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1,378.0 
1.378.0 

17.28 
17.37 

12  94 

Total  bj'  composite. . . 

Total  for  4  days,  by 
periods 

1.26 

6,537.4 
6,  537.  4 

70.68 
70.60 

Composite  for  4  days. 

7  a. m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m. to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1.08 

n  81 

52.95 

12-13 

271.  6 
330.4 
221.0 
287.3 

1.026 
1.029 
1.026 
1.023 

1.42 
1.32 
1.48 
1.38 

3.86 

4.36 

3.27 
3.90 

1,110.3 



15.45 

1 1.  82 

2824— No.  69- 


Table  36. — Amoxn\U  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7 — Cont'd. 


Period. 

Heats  of  combustion. 

Date. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1897. 
June      8-9 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Tntil                               

3.97 

1.  382.  0 

i 

0.103 

150 

9-10 

Total                      

3.62 

2, 134.  2 

.057 

126 

10-11 

Total           

3.27 

1,  437.  2 

Total  l)T  composite 

.090 

135 

11-12 

Total  

3.52 

1,311.4 

Total  by  composite 

.093 

128 

Total  for  4  days,  by 
periods 

538 

Composite  for  4  days. 
7  a  m.  to  1  p.  m 

0.22 

14.38 

95.83 

C,  264.  8 

.087 

J  569 

V>  13 

i 

1  p  ra  to  7  p.  m  . .     . .       ... 

1 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.m 

1 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m ........ 

1 

Total 

3.20 

1, 049. 1 

.115 

128 

Total  boat  of  combustion  as  determined  in  dried  urine  gives  562  calories  (see  p.  23). 


67 


Table  37. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carhon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  hegitining  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  Xo.  7.  » 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

To  t  a  1    amount    i  n 
chamber. 

Gain  (+)  or  loss  (— ) 
over    p  r  e  c  e  d  i  n  g 
period. 

Total  amount  of  vapor 
remaining  in  cham- 
ber. 

Gain  (+)  or  loss  ( — ) 
over    preceding 
period. 

Change  in  weight  of 
absorbers.      Gain 
(  +  )  or  loss  (— ). 

Drip  from  absorbers. 

Total  amount  gained 
(  +  )  or  lost  (— )  dur- 
ing the  period. 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

June      8-9 

7  a.  m 

1  p.m 

30.8 
44.9 

+  14.1 

52.2 
53.6 

+  1.4 

+  42 



+  43.4 

7  p.m 

48.6 

+  3.7 

59.8 

+  6.2 

+  48 

50.8 

+  105.0 

1  ^.  m 

46.7 

—  1.9 

60.9 

+  1.1 

+  14 

12.7 

+  27.8 

7  a.  m 

Total 

30.0 

—16.7 

57.6 

—  3.3 

+  14 

12.8 

+  23.5 

—    .8 

+  5.4 

+  118 

76.3 

+  199.7 

9-10 

]  p.  m 

43.4 

+13.4 

53.8 

-  3.8 

+  17 

21.3 

+  34.5 

7p.m 

57.8 

+14.4 

58.9 

+  5.1 

+  17 

21.3 

-r  43.4 

1  a.  ni 

43.8 

—14.0 

64.7 

+  5.8 

—  13 

47.8 

+  40.6 

7  a.  m 

Total 

1  p.m 

26.3 

—17.5 

53.6 

-11.1 

—  12 

47.8 

+  24.7 

—  3.7 

—  4.0 

+     9 

138.2 

+  143.2 

10-11 

59.3 

+33.0 
—  9.5 

+  3.9 

—  1.2 

+     8 
+  32 

21.5 

+  33.4 
+  79.1 

7  p.  m 

49.8 

56.3 

48.3 

1  a.  m 

35.1 

—14.7 

61.7 

+  5.4 

-  12 

46.3 

-r  39.7 

7  a.  m 

Total 

1  p.  Ill 

26:2 

-  8.9 

50.7 

-il.O 

—  12 

46.4 

+  23.4 

41.6 

—    .1 

—  2.9 

+  IG 

162.5 

+  175.6 

11-12 

+  15.4 

42.3 

—  8.4 

+     6 

34.9 

+  32.5 

Tp.m 

48.2 

+  6.6 

45.2 

+  2.9 

+  12 

58.6 

+  73.5 

1  a.  m 

33.0 

—15.2 

46.5 

+  1.3 

—  29 

44.5 

-r  16.8 

7  a.  m 

Total 

24.7 

—  8.3 

40.6 

—  5.9 

—  29 

44.5 

+     9.6 

—  1.5 

—10.1 

—  40 

182.5 

+  132.4 

Total  for  4  davs. . . 

—  6.1 

—11.6 

+103 

559.5 

+  650. 9 

68 

Table  38. — Becord  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment 

Xo.  7. 


Period. 

Volume  of  ventilating    ~ 
air  current.                ~- 

Carbon  dioxid  per  liter. 

6 

O  X 

-  e 

•"  X 

en  ■— 

«  f, 
«.« 

®bX) 

HP 
*i  ■" 
o 
H 

(/) 

u 

&  ^ 
^  ft 

|n 

£  M 

6'^ 

Corrected  weight  car-      ^ 
bon  dioxid  exhaled      ^ 
by  subject  (t^+Z). 

(h) 

Date. 

(h) 

"5. 

be 

a 

5 

(c) 

u 

a 
"o 

bJD 

5 
c 

M 

id) 

6 

b/j   . 
cc  bju 

pa 

OS  ti 

^  ®^ 
H 

1897. 
June      8-9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Liters. 

23,  060 
22,  639 

24,  249 

24,  530 

Mgs. 

0.506 
.510 
.491 
.519 

Mgs. 
8.872 
9.  355 
9.977 
6.525 

Mgs. 
8.366 
8.845 
9.486 
6.006 

Grams. 
192.9 
200.2 
230.0 
147.3 

Grams. 
-1-14.1 
+  3.7 
—  1.9 
—16.7 

Grams. 
207.0 
203.9 
228.1 
130. 6 

Grams. 
56.5 
55.6 
62.2 
35.6 

Total 

94,  478 

770.4 

204.6 
215.4 
223.2 
155.  4 

—  0.8 

769.fi 

209.9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a. m 

1  a.m.  to7  a.m 

Total 

8.914 
9.508 
9.265 
6.021 

+  13.4       218.0 
+  14.4       209.8 
—14.0       209.2 
—17.5       137.9 

9-10 

22.  951 
22,  656 
24,094 
25,  812 

.705 
.503 
.458 
.458 

9.619 

10.011 

9.723 

6.479 

59.4 
62.7 
57.0 
37.6 

95,513 

i 

798.  6  1         3.  7 

794.9         216.7 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  ra 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

i 

8.530 
9.247 
9.935 
5.392 

10-11 

22, 143 
23,  301 
26, 107 
25,  221 

.828  1     9.358 
.548       9.795 
.512  ,  10.447 
.515  •     5.927 

188.9 
215.4 
259.  4 
136.0 

+  33.0 

—  9.5 
—14.7 

—  8.9 

221.  9 
205.9 
244.7 
127.1 

60.5 
56.2 
66.7 
34.7 

96,  772 

799.7 

—  0  1 

799.6  1       218.1 

7  a.m.  to  1  p. m 

1  p.m.  to7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

11-12 

23,347 
23,  596 

27,  640 
25,  773 

.706       8.458 
.  931       9. 769 
.663  j     9.725 
.697       6.270 

7.  7.52 
8.838 
9.062 
5.573 

181.0 
208.5 
250.  5 
143.6 

+  15.4 
+  6.6 
—15.  2 
—  8.3 

196.4 
215.1 
235.3 
135.3 

53.6 
58.6 
64.2 
36.9 

Total  . 

100.3.56 

783.6 
3,152.3 

—  1.5 

—  6.1 

782.1 
3, 146.  2 

213.  3 

Total  for  4  davs .    H87. 1 1 9 





858.0 

1 

69 


Table  39. — liecord  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Period. 

(a) 

Water  per  liter. 

(e) 

O  B 
S  X 

u  be 

^  a 
«o 

H 

<v 
—  '^■ 

5  « 

en 

n 

a 
o 

^a 

.o.s 

1= 

(/t) 

Date. 

be 
a 

a 

o 
« 
a 

0 
H 

(c) 

« 

fl 

'o 
fan 

"S 
o 

M 

id) 

6    . 

if:? 

^  1 

H 

1$ 

n 

■t-t 

o 
H 

1897. 
June      8-9 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

Liters. 

23,  000 
22,  639 

24,  249 
24,  530 

Mgs. 
1. 103 
1.049 
1.057 
1.011 

M(js. 
1.432 
1.579 
1.432 
1.  430 

Mgs. 

0.329 
.530 
.  375 
.419 

Grams. 

7.6 
12.0 

9.1 
10.3 

Grams. 
220.9 
216.0 
265.0 
255.  6 

Grams. 

43.4 

105.0 

27.8 

23.5 

Grains. 
271.9 
333.0 
301.9 
289.4 

94,  478 

39.0 

8.6 

7.8 

13.3 

13.1 

957.5 

224.  8 
235.7 
266.2 
264.1 

199.7 

34.5 
43.4 
40.6 
24.7 

1   196.  2 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

Ip.  ni.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

.376 
.344 
.553 
.506 

9-10 

22,  951 
22,  656 
24,  094 
25,812 

I.OIH 
1.142 
1.000 
1.039 

1.394 
1.486 
1.553 
1.545 

267.9 
286.9 
320.1 
301.9 

95,  513 

42.  8       990.  8 

143.2 

33.4 
79.1 
39.7 
23.4 

1, 176.  8 

7  a.m. to  1  11.  m 

1p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . .. 

1p.m.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

.403 
.469 
.542 
.431 

10-11 

22, 143 
23, 301 
26, 107 
25,  221 

1.116 
1.147 
1.150 
1.049 

1.519 
1.616 
1.692 
1.480 

8.9 
10.9 
14.2 
10.9 

218.2 
225. 9 
292.1 
250.  2 

260.5 
315.9 
346.0 
284.5 

96,  772 

44.9 

5.0 

11.9 

8.1 

5.1 

986.4 

17.5.  6 

1,  206.  9 

1 

11-12 

23,  347 
23,  596 
27,  640 
25,  773 

1.202 
.993 

1.  202 
1.202 

1.419 
1.499 
1.494 
1.399 

.217 
.506 
.202 
.197 

215.5 
235.  0 
304.0 
251.6 

32.5 

73.5 

16.8 

9.6 

253.0 
320.4 
329.5 
206.3 

100,  356 

30.1 
156.8 

1, 006.  7 
3,941.4 

132.  4 
650.9 

1, 169  2 

Total  for 4  days. 



387, 119 

4,  749. 1 

70 

Taklk  40. — Siinimary  of  calorimeir'ic  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  Ko.  7 


(a) 

{b) 

(c) 

(d) 

{e) 

91 
U 

+^       0 

1" 

go 

a 

4^ 

• 

M           • 

."  e  s 

.§■" 

fl-:. 

<Au 

^0 

.  '-  <D 

•"  « 

U  0 

Pate. 

Period. 

n  o 

©+3              I, 

fcB 
•7;   in 

P.© 

s  a 

OCr-, 

c3^ 

"  t  -.^^ 

S..O 

cSO 

^.2 

ffl  Vh 

ffl  -  «  .. 

OG  "^ 

®. 

-t-2  ^  s 

t- 

^  '*' 

®  '^ 

s.  5  0  5 

-  0 

ci 

i 

w 

<^ 

S 

s 

0 

1897. 

Calories. 

Degrees. 

Calorics. 

Degrees. 

June      8-9 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  ra 

517.2 

6. 12-14. 82 

1.  0028 

518.7 

—0 

03 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  Ill 

503.3 

5.  82-13. 73 

1. 0031 

504.9 

+ 

02 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  in 

480.0 

7.  38-15. 17 

1.  0023 

481.1 

— 

01 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ra 

Total    

291.3 

10.62-16.76 

1.0015 

291.7 

+ 

10 

1, 791.  8 

1,790.4 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  Ill 

9-10 

509.7 

5.  S6-14. 18 

1.  0030 

511.2 

+ 

07 

1  p.  m.  to7piii      ...   .... -  - 

561.4 
475.4 

6. 11-15.  89 
7. 10-15. 27 

1.  0026 
1.  0025 

562.9 
476.6 

13 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

05 

1  a.  Til.  to  7  a.  ni 

Total 

7  a.  ra.  to  1  p.  Ill 

274.4 

11.02-17.12 

1.  0014 

274.8 

+ 

06 

1,820.9 

1,  825.  5 

10-11 

491.5 

6.  85-14.  90 

1.  0025 

492.7 

1  p.  ra.  to  7  1).  m 

546.5 

4.  51-14.  09 

1.0033 

548.3 

— 

08 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

497.5 

8.  00-14, 97 

1.  0023 

498.7 

+ 

05 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total                 

288.3 

10.94-16.32 

1.  0015 

288.7 

1,  823.  8 

1,828.4 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

11-12 

452.6 

6. 18-44. 43 

1.  0029 

453.  9 

+ 

10 

1  p.  ra.  to  7  p.  ra 

530.0 
463.8 

5.  98-14. 83 
8.  54-15.  35 

1.  0029 
1.0025 

531.5 
465.0 

— 

03 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m . 

07 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

28C.0 

11.82-10.62 

1.  0013 

280.4 

Total 

Total  for  4  days        

1,  726.  4 

1,  730.  8 

-- 

1 

7, 181. 1 

1 

71 

Tahlk  40. — Siimmary  of  calorimetric  vieasurementa — Metabolism  ixperiment  No.  7- 

Coutiniied. 


Date. 


1897. 
June      8-9 


Period. 


9-10 


10-11 


11-12 


7  a.  111.  to  1  p.  111. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 
7  p.m. to  1  a.m. 
1  a.m. to  7  a.m. 

Total..-. 


7  a.  m.  to  I  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 
1  a.m. to  7  a.m. 


Total.... 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 


Total 


7  a.  in.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  ni 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 


Total 

Total  for  4  day.s 


(/) 


•■5x 


Calories. 
—  2 

+  1 
+  6 


+  5 


(<J) 


'w.O 

.2  ° 

...  a>  ^ 
is  *=  « 

o 


Calories. 

—  6.1 

—  4.4 
+  4.3 


(h) 

'^  ^'^ 
'd      o 

■^  2«  . 
2  S  9  S 

=^  s  S  a 


=^5  3 
§2 


a)  rt  (o  o 

j5  -ta   rr 


■2  "if  *  1 


—  6.2 


Gravis. 
229.9 
234.2 
275.2 
262.6 


1,001.9 


(i) 


-<  u 

5  > 


W 


Calories. 
136.1 
138.7 
162.9 
155.5 


593.2 


+  4 


+  4 


—  1.6 

—  4.7 

—  1.2 


229.6 
248.6 
285.3 
266. 1 


135.9 
147.2 
168.9 
157.5 


7.5  !     1,029.6 


+  3 


+  6 

—  2 

—  4 


—  5.2 

—  0.4 
+  1.8 


231.0 
285.6 
311.7 
250.1 


—  3.  8  I     1,  028. 4 


—  5.4 

-  2.9 
+  1.5 


—  6.8 


—24.  3 


212. 1 
249.8 
314.0 

250.8 


609.5 


136.8 
139.4 
184.5 
148.1 


608.8 


125.0 
147.8 
185.9 
148.5 


1,  026.  7 


607.8 


4,  086.  6 


2,  419.  3 


(k) 


5)  — , 


Calories. 
646. 7 
640.2 
654.  3 
447.2 


2,  388.  4 


649.5 
697.4 
641.3 
436.3 


2,  424. 5 


624.3 
682.3 

688.0 
436.8 


2,431.4 


574.1 
682-4 
650.4 
424.9 


2,331.8 


9.  576. 1 


72 


Tablk  41. — Alcohol  excreted  by  the  lulneys  and  lij  the  skin  and  lungs — Metabolism  ex- 

perivient  No.  7. 


Period. 

Alcohol— 

Date. 

Found 

in 
urine. 

Found  in  respiratory  prod- 
ucts. 

Total 
excreted. 

Total 
income. 

Used  in 

In 
freezers. 

In  drip. 

In  air 

current. 

body. 

1897. 
June    5 

7  a.  ri).  Ui  7  a.  ui 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Total  for  June  8, 
9, 10,  and  11  .... 

Grams. 

0.93 

.91 

Grama. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram,s. 

Grams. 

G 

7 

1.12 

8 

9 

10 

11 

.13 
.28 
.38 
.08 

}        1.31 

.70 
.29 

.m 

2.00 

2.00 

12.62 

2.03 

2.81 
2.95 
3.72 
2.42 

72.54 
72.54 
72.54 
72.54 

69.73 
69.59 

68.82 
70.14 

12 

.02 
Trace. 

I                    1 

13 

1     

.  87             2. 30 

.08 

8.65 

11.90 

290. 16 

278.  28 

'  By  an  accident  some  of  the  coffee  and  alcohol,  sufficient  to  contain  2.18  grams  absolute  alcohol,  was 
spilled  upon  the  floor  of  the  chamber  and  an  equivalent  amount  was  passed  in  for  consumption  by  the 
subject.  The  actual  amount  of  alcohol  found  in  the  air  current  during  the  day  was  4.80  grams,  of 
which  it  is  assumed  that  2.18  grams  came  from  tlie  alcohol  spilled  and  the  remainder  (2.62  grams) 
from  alcohol  eliminated  from  the  lungs  and  skin. 

The  figures  in  Table  41  demand  a  word  of  comment.  The  alcohol  in 
the  respiratory  i)roducts,  i.  e.,  that  excreted  by  the  lungs  and  skin,  was 
found  mostly  in  the  air  current  after  it  had  passed  the  freezer.  But 
little  was  retained  with  the  ice  in  the  freezer  and  still  less  was  collected 
in  the  drip  water.  The  determinations  of  this  elimination  of  alcohol 
were  made  according  to  the  first  of  the  methods  described  above,  pp. 
20-29,  and  they  doubtless  give  too  high  results,  but  are  of  value  as 
indicating  that  the  amount  of  excretion  is  relatively  small.  The  total 
amount  as  thus  measured  for  the  four  days  was  only  12  grams  as  com- 
pared with  200  grams  consumed  in  the  food,  or  about  4  per  cent.  Later 
experiments  (see  pp.  27,  100)  lead  us  to  doubt  whether  the  actual 
amount  of  alcohol  eliminated  from  the  body  could  have  been  much 
more  than  half  that  found  by  the  method  in  this  experiment. 

It  should  be  added  that  quantitative  tests  gave  no  evidence  of  the 
presence  of  aldehyde  or  other  ])i()(lncts  of  the  partial  oxidation  of  alco- 
hol in  either  urine  or  air  current. 


73 


The  computed  ihita  of  income  and  outgo  are  as  follows: 

Tabi,k  42. — Income  and  oi<t</o  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date. 

(o) 

o 
.o 

a 

M 

(ft) 

4) 
« 

C 
H 

(c) 

(d) 
T 

1? 

+  1 

1 

S 

(/) 

ao 
<V 

o 
.® 

a 

M 

(<7) 

6 

•c 

a 

M 

(h) 

o 

00  "C 

o  o 

a 

M 

1 
la 

M 

(A:) 

•s' 

1897. 
Jllll«^  8-9,  7  a.m. 

to  7  a.  m 

June  9-10,  7  a.m. 

to  7  a.  m 

June  10-11,  7a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m 

Juue  11-12,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m 

Orams. 
16.7 

16.7 

16.7 
16.7 

Grams. 

0.9 

.9 

.9 
.9 

Grams. 
19.6 

17.8 

16.2 
17.3 

Grams. 
—3.8 

—2.0 

-  .4 
—1.5 

Grams. 

218.6 

218.6 

218.6 
218.6 

Grams. 
6.6 

6.7 

6.6 
6.7 

Orams. 

14.7 

13.3 

12.0 
13.0 

Gram*. 

209.9 

216.7 

218.1 
213.3 

Grams. 
1.5 

1.5 

1.9 
1.3 

Grams. 
—14.1 

—19.6 

-20.0 
—15.7 

Total,  4  (lays 

Average,  1  day.. 

66.8 
16.7 

3.6 
.9 

70.9 
17.7 

—7.7       874.4 
—1.  9       218.  6 

26.6 
6.7 

53.0 
13.3 

858. 0           6.  2 

214.5           1.6 

1 

—69.4 
—17.4 

'  Including  nitrogen  in  ])ersi)iratioii.  The  underclothes  of  the  subject  at  the  end  of  experiment 
were  extracted  with  distilled  water  and  the  nitrogen  determined,  which  amounted  to  0.19  gram  N. 
(Seep.  24.) 

The  amount  of  water  in  the  mixture  of  coffee  infusion  and  alcohol 
and  the  amount  of  drinking  water  actually  consumed  each  day  during 
this  experiment  are  shown  in  the  following  table.  The  alcohol  mixture 
w^as  made  by  adding  to  875  grams  of  coffee  infusion  45  grams  of  sugar 
and  80  grams  of  90.07  per  cent  alcohol,  thus  making  a  total  of  1,000 
grams,  containing  SS2.5  grams  water. 

Record  of  drinking  water  and  coffee — Metabolism  experiment  No.  7. 


Date. 

Cofllee 
infusion. 

Drinking 
water. 

Total 
drink. 

June  8 .. .... 

Grams. 
882.  5 
882.5 
882.5 
882.5 

Grams. 
300.0 
500.0 
526.  5 
500.0 

Grains. 
1, 182.  5 

9 

1,382.5 

10 

1,  409. 0 

11 

1,  382.  5 

Total        

3,  530.  0 

1,826.5 

5, 356.  5 

To  avoid  loss  of  sugar  and  alcohol  the  coffee  was  carefully  drained 
out  of  the  vessel  in  which  it  was  passed  into  the  chamber,  so  that  the 
whole  882.5  grams  of  water  were  drunk  each  day.     The  amount  of 


74 

drinking  water  served  the  first  day  proved  to  be  insufficient  for  the 
satisfying  of  tlie  subject's  thirst,  so  larger  amounts  were  served  on  the 
following  days. 

Table  43. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen^Metaholism  exjperiment  No.  7. 


Period. 

Water. 

Date. 

(a) 

o 
a 

{h) 

a 

'u 

a 

M 

(c) 

(C 

o 

a 

M 

(d) 

a 
'u 

pi 

(e) 

M 

COrrt 

(/) 

0  2- 
®  T 

Ph4- 

1897. 

June    8- 9 

9-10 

10-11 

11  12 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m.. 

do 

do 

do 

G-j-ams. 
1,  016.  6 
1,  016.  6 
1, 016.  6 
1,016.6 

4,  066.  4 
1,  016.  6 

Grams. 
1, 182.  5 
1,  382.  5 

21,409.0 
1,  382.  5 

Grams. 
35.1 
35.2 
35.1 
35.2 

Grains. 
1,  382.  0 
2, 134.  2 
1,  437.  2 
1,31].  4 

Grams. 
1,  201.  2 
1,182.8 
1,211.9 
1, 176.  2 

Grams. 

—  419.2 

—  953.1 

—  258.6 

—  123.7 

Total,  4  days... 
Average,  1  day. 

5,  356.  5 
1,  339. 1 

140.6 
35.2 

6,  264.  8 
1,  566.  2 

4,  772. 1 
1, 193.  0 

—1,  754.  6 

—    438.7 

Hydrogen. 

(.9) 

ih) 

(i) 

(k) 

(l) 

(m) 

(n) 

Date. 

Period. 

5 

a 

h- 1 

i 

V 

a 

h^ 

6 
g 

M 

1 
%   . 

Pi 

M 

be  1 

"5  + 

IT 

s> 
■u 

^    . 
o  •  • 

to 

o 

H. 

"a  m 
o  o 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

June    8-  9 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ra . . 

36.3 

0.9 

4.0 

0.4 

+  31.0 

46.6 

—15. 6 

9  10 

..  do         

36.3 
36.3 
36.3 

.9 
.9 
.9 

3.6 
3.3 
3.5 

.4 
.5 
.3 

+  31.4 
+  31.6 
+  31.6 

105.9 
28.7 
13.7 

—74.5 

10  11 

do 

+  2.9 

11-12 

do    

+17.9 

Total,  4  days . . . 

145.2 

3.6 

14.4 

1.6 

+125.6 

194.9 

—69.  3 

Average,  1  day . 

36.3 

.9 

3.6 

.4 

+  31.4 

48.7 

-17.3 

'  Including  23  grams  of  water  in  perspiration. 

2  Including  26.5  gram.s  water  in  coftee  spilled  in  chamber. 


75 


Tai'.i.I".   1  I. — Gahi  or  loss  of  protein  (.V  X  ^..^.'>),   fat,  and  inile.r 

Xo.  7. 


.\[('.taholiHni  erpcrinient 


ia) 

(b) 

(c)     !    (ro 

(e) 

U) 

13 

a  1 

3e 

bon 
)   or 

tein 
)  or 
.53). 

u    • 

. 

bCm 

u-\-               g+X 

«+  1 

+^: 

Date. 

I'eri(.d. 

a   1 

,W  ^^  O 

r^    V 

o 

c3 

TS.-i          a"*--, 

^  "w  -— ».. 

Is 

a  o  • 

a  a  — 

a  o-^ 

■l-L 

1+ 

■**'««  2 

.a  c3  9} 

.art* 

W-S 

• 

o  M.2 

S  M  = 

S«^ 

4J    O 

« 

P4 

H                  O 

O 

p:^ 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gravis.  1    Grams. 

G;a7rt«. 

Grams. 

Juno    8-  9 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

—3.8 

—23.8 

—14.1         — 12.C 

—  1.5 

—  2.0 

!)-10 

do 

—2.0 

—12.5 

—19.  6         —  6.  7 

—12.9 

-16.9 

10-11 

do 

—  .4 

—  2.5 

—20.0 

—  1.3 

-18.7 

-24.4 

11-12 

do 

Total.  4  days 

—1.5 
— 7.  7 

—  9.4 

—15.7         —5.0 

-10.7 

—  14.0 

—48.2 

—69.  4         —25.  G 

—43.8 

—57.3 

Average,  1  day 

—1.9 

-  12.0 

—17.4 

—  6.4 

—11.0 

-14.3 

* 

{g)              (h) 

{i) 

ik) 

<« 

^  '3 

6TX 

=2  ="?? 

.^.■=-^ 

+S 

=0^ 

p,^e 

-.-^-■^ 

^x 

0  + 

ngen   in 

gained 

ost  (— ) 

a  +  x 

^o+S 

'3'^ 

Date. 

Period. 

u  — 

"~b 

a'*  -^ 

0/  ®     1 

Ma-- 

o  _ 

II 

u  2 

^^•»H  +i 

p  a 

u  "  *^ 

C3    CS    TO 

c^ 

rS    SS    «! 

.^^  T^ 

^M^ 

?,2  5 

o 

t-jistv5 

^•^U)^ 

.« s 

H 

W 

W 

W 

P- 

1897. 

1 
(Ira  ins.          Gran 

IS. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

June    8-  9 

7  a.  m.  t  o  7  a.  ni 

-15.  G              — 

1.7 

—  .2 

—13.7 

—123.3 

9-10 

do 

—74.5              — 

.9 

—2.0 

-71.  G 

—644. 4 

10-11 

do 

+  2.9              — 

.2 

—3.0 

+  6.1 

+  54.9 

11-12 

do    

+  17.9              - 

.6 

—1.7 

+20.2 

+  181.8 

Total,  4  days 

— G9.  3               - 

3.4 

—6.9 

—59.  0 

—531.0 

Average,  1  day 

-17.3               — 

1 

.8 

—1.7 

—14.8 

-132.  8 

76 


Tahlk  45. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  7. 


Date. 


1897. 
June  8-9,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  Ill 

June  9-10,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  Ill 

June  10-11,  7  a.m. 

to  7  a.  in 

June  11-12,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m 


(a) 


Total.  4  days.. 
Average,  1  flaj- 


GalQ- 
ries. 

2,462 
2,462 
2,462 
2,642 


(h) 


(c) 


3     . 
O  3 


W 


Calo-  I    Calo- 
Hen.    j     ries. 

76  I        150 


76 


126 


76  I         134 

I 
I 

70  I        128 


9,848 
2,4G2 


:J04  ,         538 
70  135 


(m) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

6 

§  + 

^o 

« 

SI 

t^ 

e^ 

II 

o 

o  a 

CS    fat) 

^  _.  -1- 

03-^  T 

rS    " 

0) 

fs 

-^1 

"=^X 

*.2  I. 

,—  '0  ">" 

^i 

C    '"'  j-i 

.;:  O  te 

.=  c«    1 

^•^^ 

^■Se 

w 

H 

t^ 

S 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo 

Calo- 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

1  les. 

20 

—137 

—  19 

2,372 

21 

—  72 

—159 

2,470 

26 

—  14 

—229 

2,469 

17 

—  54 

-132 

2, 427 

84 

—277 

—539 

9,  738 

21 

—  60 

—135 

2,434 

(9) 


w 


(h) 


5  «= 
.»j  ^^  . . 

a,  —  ;: 


(i) 

CS  a; 

03  * 

fc'  CI 

£  • 

I 'a:  :i; 
w 


^-^ 


Calo- 
ries. 

2,388 
2,425 
2,431 
2,332 


Calo- 
ries. 

+  IG 


45 


95 


Per 
cent. 

+0.7 


-1.8 
-1.5 
-3.9 


9,576       —162  j 

2, 394       —  40  —1. 6 


In  this  experiment  tlie  average  daily  income  of  energy,  i.  e.,  the 
estimated  lieat  of  combustion  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  tlie  body, 
averaged  2,4)4  calories  per  day;  and  the  outgo,  i.  e.,  the  heat  given 
off  from  the  body  and  measured,  was  2,394  calories.  The  measured 
outgo  was  thus  98.4  per  cent  of  the  theoretical  income.  This  discrep- 
ancy of  l.G  per  cent  was  smaller  than  that  of  either  of  the  two  preced- 
ing or  the  next  succeeding  experiments. 

DETAILS  OF  METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.  8. 

The  subject  entered  the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter  on  the  evening  of 
November  7, 1897,  and  the  experiment  i)roper  commenced  as  usual  at  7 
a.  m.  the  following  morning.  The  experiment  was  a  so  called  rest  exi:)eri- 
ment — that  is,  the  subject  engaged  in  no  muscular  work  other  than  that 
required  in  the  regular  routine  of  observations  outlined  in  the  daily 
programme.  The  diet  contained  no  alcohol,  but  water  was  supplied  at 
regular  intervals  during  the  day,  so  that  the  total  amount  of  drink  was 
about  the  same  as  that  in  No.  7,  when  alcohol  was  taken  in  successive 
portions.  The  amount  of  water  vapor  in  the  chamber  was  not  sufficient 
to  cause  an  appreciable  amount  of  drip.  The  explanation  of  the  small 
amount  of  drip  here  as  compared  with  the  larger  amount  in  experiment 
No.  7,  also  a  rest  exi)eriraent,  is  doubtless  to  be  found  in  the  higher 
temperature  of  the  water  as  it  entered  tlie  absorbers  in  this  experiment. 
As  in  previous  experiments,  the  furniture  and  bedding  were  weighed  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  the  experiment,  but  no  appreciable  change  in 


77 

weigbt  was  found.  The  methods  of  c.iilcultition  of  the  tables  in  this 
experiment  are  the  same  as  previously  described.  The  results  are 
recorded  in  Tables  4G-59,  which  follow. 

Table  46. — Daily  menu — Metabolism  experiment  No.  S. 


Monti. 


Grams. 


BREAKB'AST. 

Boiled  epgs '  95 

liyo  bread '  100 

Butter '  15 

Milk '  250 

Sugar !  15 

Cofifee '  300 

DINNER. 

Beef.fried 150 

Baked  beans '  125 

Rye  bread 1 00 

Butter 10 


Mciiiu. 


Grams. 


DINNER — continued. 

Milk 100 

Sugar '  10 

Coffee 300 

SUPPER. 

Jlye  broad 125 

Milk 500 

Sugar j  15 

Butter '  10 

Apples 200 

Coffee 300 


Table  47. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  S. 


7.00  a.  m  .. 

Rise ;  pas.s  urine ;,  -weigh  self  stripped ; 

3.30  p.  m  . 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

collect  drip;  weigh  absorbers. 

6.30  p.  m  . 

Sapper. 

7.45  a. m  .. 

Breakfast. 

7.00  p.  m  . 

Pass  urino ;  collect  drip ;  weigh  ab- 

10.30 a.  m  .. 

Drink  200  grams  of  water. 

sorbers. 

1.00  p.  m  .. 

Pass  urine ;  collect  drip ;  weigh  ab- 

10.00 p.  m  . 

Pass  urine;   drink  200  grams  water; 

sorbers. 

weigh  self  stripped ;  retire. 

1.30  p.  ju  .. 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.  m  . 

Pass  urine. 

Table  48. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  S. 


Time. 


1897. 


Nov.    8, 


8, 

7.00  a. 

ni 

8, 

9.00  a. 

m 

8, 

11.00  a. 

III 

8, 

2.30  p. 

m 

8, 

5.00  p. 

m 

8, 

9.45  p 

ni 

8, 

10.00  p. 

m 

9, 

7.00  a. 

m 

9, 

8.15  a. 

m 

9, 

11.30  a. 

m 

9, 

4.30  p. 

m 

9, 

10.00  p. 

m 

10, 

7.00  a. 

m 

10, 

7.30  a. 

m 

10, 

11.30  a. 

m 

Weight  of  subject. 


Without 
clothes. 


With 
clothes. 


Kilograms,  j  Eilogramt. 
C7.G5  71.55 


G7.74 
66.52 


67.26 
66.26 


Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 


73 


Temper- 
ature. 


Hygrometer. 


Dry 
bulb. 


°F. 


68 


62 


98.7 


09.0 


22.4 


98.1 


21.7 
22.4 
2L3 
22.4 


22.2 


98.3 
98.6 


21.7 
21.0 
22. 1 


97.4 


21.4 
21.0 


Wet 
bulb. 


18.2 


17.0 
18.6 
17.4 
18.4 


17.9 


17.2 
16.8 
18.0 


17.1 
16.4 


78 

Table  48. — Summary  of  diary — MeiahoJlsm  experiment  Ko.  8 — Continued. 


Time. 


1897. 


Kov.  lu, 
10, 
10, 
10, 
11, 
11, 
11, 
11, 
11, 
11, 
11, 
12, 


3.:>o  p. 

7.15  p. 
10.00  p. 
10.15  p. 

7.00  a. 

7.30  a. 
10.30  a. 

1.15  p. 

7.15  p. 
10.00  p. 
10.20  p. 

7.00  a. 


Weight  of  subject. 


Without 
clothes. 


Kilograms. 


67.22 


66.20 


67.49 
66.48 


With 
clothes. 


Kilograms. 


70.37 


Pulse  T^^^„„ 
rate  T^er  temper- 
rate  per  I     ^ 

minute. 


Hygrometer. 


Dry 
bulb. 


Wet 
bulb. 


98.4 


22.1 
22.5 


64  ! 


64 


98.6  i      22.0 


97.0 


21.0 
21.2 
21.4 
22.5 


17.2 
19.3 


18.4 


17.2 
17.0 
16.9 
18.4 


66 

58 


98.2 
96.9 


22.0 
21.8 


18.4 
17.6 


Table  49. —  Weiyki,  mviposition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  8. 


>s 


2821 
2819 

2827 
2820 
2815 

2817 
2823 


l^ood  material. 


33eef,  fried 

Eggs 

Butter 

Milk 

Bread,  rye 

Sugar  

Beans,  baked  . . . 
Apples 


i^e^f^^iWater. 
,  per  day. 


Grains. 
1.50 


95 
35 
850 
325 
40 
125 
200 


Protein 


Grams.  Grams. 


89.7 

70.6 

3.5 

722.  5 

120.6 


47.4 

n.8 


28.9 
32.2 


89.9 
169.6 


8.2 
.4 


Total ' il, 266.4  I     129.4 


Fat. 


Grams. 
10.6 
10.3 
29.8 
43.3 
.3 


.4 
1.0 


Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Carbon. 


Gram,s.\  Grams.]  Grams. 


49.3 
166.4 


7.59 
1.88 
.09 
4.67 
5.13 


32.43 
14.51 
22.28 
67.06 
89.80 


40.0    16.84 


23.7 
28.4 


1.31 
.08 


14.90 
12.80 


Hydro- 
gen. 


Heats  of 

com- 
bustion 
(deter- 
mined). 


Gram8.\Galories. 


4.07 
2.18 
3.54 
9.77 
13.00 
2.59 
2.12 
1.34 


95.' 


307.8       20.75  i  270.68 


39.21 


362 
170 
272 
767 
893 
159 
151 
123 


2,897 


Table  50. —  Weiyht,  composition,  and   lieais  of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 

experiment  No.  8. 


t 

Weight. 

\Vater. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 

1                    ! 
! 

Heats  of 

com- 
bustion 
(deter- 
mined) . 

2825 

Total  for  4  days.. 
Avg.  for  1  day.. . 

Graini. 

284 
71 

Grams. 

198.0 

49.5 

Grams. 
31.0 
7.9 

Grams. 
16.8 
4.2 

Grams. 
2L9 
5.5 

Grams. 

5.03 
1.26 

Grams. 

42.  32 
10.58 

Grams. 
5.79 
1.45 

Calories. 
467 
117 

79 

Table  51. — Avionnis  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.S. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

1897. 
Nov.       8  9 

7  a.  m.to  1  p.  m 

Grams. 
808.2 
841.6 

1,348.6 
209.2 

1.012 

Per  cent. 
0.69 

Chrams. 

5.58 

Per  cent.     Grams. 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1. 012              .  68 
1. 006              .  49 
1.019             1.44 

5.72 
6.61 
3.01 

1 

1 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  compo.site. . 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  }i.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite.  . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.to  1  a.  m  

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

Total 

Total  hy  composite. . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

:j,  207.  6 
3,  207.  6 

20.92 
20.85 

14.92 

.65 



9  10 

406.  6 

1    Olfi                 .87 

4.06 

4.78 
7.16 

2.85 

i 

362. 0  '         1. 024             1. 32 
1, 2.36.3           1.006               -57 

I 

1 

182.8           1.020 

1 

1.56 

2,  267.  7 
2.  267.  7 

18.  85  ; 13.44 

.81 

18.  .37    

10-11 

292.  6 

434.1 

1,036.4 

195.0 

1.021 
1.023 
1.008 
1.019 

1.24 

1.28 

.65 

1.58 

3.62  1 j 

5.56 

6.74  1 

3.  08  j 

1,958.1 
],9.58. 1 

i 

19.00 
18.95 

Tl      "■ 

13.  00 

.97 

11-12 

391.9 
392.  4 
853.6 
201.2 

1.015    '        1.09 
1.022             1.36 
1.008              .74 
1.018             1.66 

4.27 
5.33 
6.31 
3.34 

...1 

1 

Total 

1,  839. 1 
1,  839. 1 

! 

19.25    1           13.73 

Total  by  composite . . 

Total  4  d  ays,  by 
periods 

1.06 

19.44 

i 

9, 272.  5 
9,  272.  5 

78.02 

Composite  4  days. . . . 
7  a.m. to  1  p. m 

.84 

77.  90             0.  60             55.  04 

12-13 

202.  2 
357.0 
394.3 
321.6 

1.  025             1.  68 
1.025  i          1.22 
1.022             1.25 
1.022             1.22 

3.40      

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

4.35    

4.93 

3.92    

1,  275. 1 

1.30  1         16. 60  : 11.85 

13 

396.5 

1.09  1           4.32 

80 

Table  51. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Meiaholism  experiment  No.  8 — Cont'd. 


Date. 

Period. 

Water. 

Heats  of  combustion. 

iiyarugeu. 

Per  gram . 

Total. 

N 

1897. 

ov       8  9 

Per  cent. 

Grains. 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Total           

4.22 

3, 120. 1 

9-10 

Total  bv  composite.. 

0.049 

157 

7  a.  111.  tolp  ni .. .. 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 

10-11 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  in 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

3.81 

2, 188.  8 

Total  by  composite. . 

.067 

152 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to7p.  ni 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

3.84 

1,878.6 

Total  by  composite. . 

.072 

141 

11-12 

7  a.  111.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

12-13 
13 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

3.89 

1,758.6 

Total  bv  composite. . 

.087 

160 

Total  4  (lays,    by 
periods 

610 

Composil  c  4  days 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

0.17 

15.76 

96.48 

8,  946. 1 

.071 

658 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

' 

2.14 

1,237.3  !          .127 

162 

7  a.  III.  to  1  ]>.  Ill 

81 

Table  52. — Comparison  of  rcfiidnal  amounts  of  carbon  dioxld  and  ivater  in  the  cliamher 
at  the  he<iinnin<i  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  correspondiufj  gain  or  loss — Meiaholisni 
erperiment  Xo.  8. 


Kntl  of  poriod. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

luit  of  va- 
aiuiug   iu 

1 

Water. 

Date. 

4J 

2  a 

!•  loss  (-  -) 

ceding  pe- 

weight  of 
s.     Gain 

93 

U 

<o 

u 

o 
m 

y)  1  o 

S  5 

— ■  u 

—  «  s 

oat- 

-   <B 

o^  o 

a  ST 
OS'S  -r 

■■S 

rtTW) 
*-  T  a 

O 

eg  O  fH 

O  "V 

J  «  — 

u 

o— .g 

H 

O 

H 

O 

O 

a 

H 

1897. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Nov.       8-!» 

7  a.  m 

1  p.  ni 

34.6 
49.9 

71.8 
55.  G 

+15.3 

—16.  2 



+35 

+  18.8 

7  p.  ni 

47.1 

—  2.8 

50.3 

—  5.3 

+  68 

38.6 

+101.3 

1  a.  11) 

32.5 

—14.6 

58.7 

+  8.4 

—  3 

17.5 

+  22.9 

7  a.  ni 

32.7 

-'-     .  2 

64.2 

+  5.5 

—  3 

17.5 

+  20.0 

Total 


9-10 


1  p.  m. 
7  p.  ni- 
1  a.  lii- 
7  a. lu. 


Total 


10-11 


1  p.  ui. 
7  p.  IU . 
1  a.  111. 
7  a.  m. 


Total 


11-12 


1  p.  Ill 

7  p.  m 

1  a.  m 

7  p.m 

Total 


1.9 


73.  (J  +163.0 


53.2 
58.2 
30.0 

29.8 


+  20.5 
+  5.0 
-28.2 
—     .2 


53.4 
53.6 
53.1 

54.4 


—10.8 
+     .2 


+16 
+CG 
—23 
— 2t 


28.2 

28.1 


+  5.2 

+  36.2 

+  4.7 

r  5.  4 


2.9 


9.8 


56.3 


51.5 


49.7  I 
68.6  I 

27.9  j 
27.6  ! 


+  19.9 
+  18.9 
—40.7 
—     .3 


49.6 
58  6 
55. 1 
48.9 


—  4.8 
+  9.0 

—  3.5 

—  6.2 


+  1 
+  6 
—11 
-11 


32. 

3 

29. 

2 

29. 

2 

—  3.8 
+  47.3 
+  14.7 
+  12.0 


38.9 
61.3 
31.0 

29.1 


-rll.3 
+  22.4 

—30.3 
—  1.9 


+  1.5 


Total  for  4  days. 


5.5 


—  5.  5 

—15 

90.7 

+  70.2 

44.9 

-  4.0 

+  6 

16.4 

+  18.4 

52.9 

+  8.0 

+  20 

16.5 

+  44.5 

55.8 

+  2.  9  I 

—22 

16.5 

—    2.6 

50.2 

—  5.G 

—22 

10.5 

—  11.1 

+   1.3 


-18 


65.9 


+  48.2 


-21.  6 


+  69  1     286.5 


-332.9 


2824— JSTo.  G9 6 


82 

Table  53. — Becord  of  carhon  dioxid  in  rentilativg  air  current — Metabolism  experiment 

Xo.  8. 


Period. 

Volumelof  ventilating      -r- 
air-current.                ■— 

Carbon  dioxid  per  liter. 

(e) 

i. 

at 

«=* 

®  be 
^  c 

c 

Correction  for  carbon      ^ 
dioxid  in  apparatus.        o 

Corrected  weight  car- 
bon   dioxid   exhaled    ^ 
by  subject  (e+f).         " 

(h) 

Date. 

(6) 

(^ 

"3 

bC 

s 

o 
o 

o 

1— ( 

(c) 

t^ 

'5 

bt) 

a 
'o 

be 

o 
el 

H 

(d) 

6 

bo  . 

.ar 

X 

ft-Sx 

^x.2 
H 

1897. 
Nov.      8-9 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  lu 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  ni 

Liters. 
23,  923 
23,  736 
26,  939 
25,  307 

Mg. 

0.706 
.655 
.603 
.501 

Mgs.       Mgs.    '  Grams. 
9.602       8.896       212.8 
11.574     10.919       259.2 
9.356  ;     8.753  i     235.8 
5.656       5.155       130.5 

Grams. 
+  15.3 
-  2.8 
—14.6 

+     .2 

Grams. 
228.1 
256.4 
221.2 
130.7 

Grams. 
62.2 
69.9 
GO.  3 
35.6 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  ni 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m. to  7  a.  m 

Tntnl 

99,  905 

838.  3     —  1.  9       836.  4  1      228.  0 

9.140 

9.653 

10.010 

5.905 

9-10 

24,  219 
24,  281 
27,  724 
27,  413 

.584 
.594 
.607 
.607 

8.  556  j    207.  2  {  +20.  5  1     227.  7 
9. 059  '     220.  0  '   +  5.  0       225.  0 
9. 403  i     260.  7  i  —28.  2       232.  5 
5.298       145.2     —    .2  j    145.0 

62.1 
61.4 
63.4 
39.5 

103,  637 

833. 1  i  —  2.  9 

830.2 

226.4 



10-11 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

24,537         .564 
24,094  1       .564 
27,382  j       .570 
27,149  '■      .633 

8.696 

9.492 

10.  518 

5.643 

8. 132       199.  5 
8. 928       215.  0 
9.  948       272.  4 
5.010       136.0 

+19.9 
+18.9 
—40.7 
—    .3 

219. 4           59.  8 
233. 9           63.  8 
231. 7           63.  2 
135.  7           37.  0 

Total 103,162  j 822.9  |  —  2.  2       820.7 


223.  8 


11-12  7  a.m. to  1  p.  m. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 


26,  248 
23,  659 
26,341 
26,  784 


,650 
,561 
,563 
,683 


Total I 

Total  for  4  days . 


103, 032 
409,  736 


606  j     7.956  I     208.8 
302  ;     8.741       206.8 


892 
056 


9.329 
5.373 


245.7 
143.9 


+11.3 
+22.4 
—30.3 
—  1.9 


805.2 


3,  299.  5 


—  5.5 


220.1 
229.2 
215.4 
142.0 


60.0 
62.5 
58.7 
38.7 


806.7 


3,  294.  0 


219.9 
898.1 


83 

Table  54. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


I'eridd. 

Volume  of  veutilat-    --- 
ing  air  current.         --' 

Water  per  liter. 

U') 

(/) 

Correction  for  water 
remaining      in    S" 
chamber.                    "^ 

ih) 

Date. 

(ft) 

"3 

a 

1 

p 
a 

(c) 

C 

be 

a 

1 

s 
o 

a 

M 

id) 

ii 

o  be 
M  a 

4a 

s    • 

"  3 

SbO 
^^  ^ 
«o 
■gho 
H 

Si 

1 

is 

a 
® 

§ 

9 

"3 

.a 

la 

1 

1897. 
Nov.      8-9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.m.  to  1  a. m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Liters. 
23,  923 
23, 736 
26,  939 
25,  307 

Mg. 

0.973 
.960 
.865 
.699 

Mgs. 
1.254 
1.180 
1.122 
.972 

Mg. 

0.  281 
.226 
.257 
.273 

Grams. 
6.7 
5.4 
6.9 
6.9 

• 

Orams. 
215.0 
197.5 
280.1 
254.8 

Grams. 

18.8 

101.3 

22.9 

20.0 

Grams. 
240.  5 
304. 2 
309.9 
281.7 

Total 

99, 905 

25.9 

947.4 

Iff-l  0 

1  136  3 

9-10 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a. m 

Total 

24,219         .898 
24,281         .886 
27, 724         . 778 
27,413         .712 

1.256 

1.038 

1.081 

.932 

.358 
.152 
.303 
.220 

8.7 
3.7 
8.4 
6.0 

214.2 
214.5 
283.0 
273.0 

5.2 

36.2 

4.7 

5.4 

228.1 
254.4 
296.1 
284.4 

103,  637 

26.8 

984.7 

51.5 

—  3.8 
47.3 
14.7 
12.0 

1  063  0 

10-11 

24,  537 
24,  094 
27,  382 
27, 149 

.795 
.766 
.675 
.632 

1.  004         .  209 
.  920         .  160 
.941         .266 
.  866         . 234 

5.1 
3.8 
7.3 
6.4 

208.  8 
212.  2 
284.6 
252.7 

210.1 
263.3 
306.6 
271.1 

103, 162 

1 

22.6 

958.3 

70.2 

1  051. 1 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  Ill 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Tot:ilfor4days.. 

11-12 

26,  248 
23,  659 
26,  341 
26,  784 

.749 
.872 
.799 
.714 

1.014 

1.098 

1.076 

.906 

.265 
.226 
.277 
.192 

7.0 
5.3 
7.3 
5.1 

229.5 
216.  2 
270.6 
263.1 

18.4 

44.5 

-  2.6 

-11.1 

254.9 
266.0 
275.3 
257.1 

103,  032 

24.7 

979.4 

49.2 
333.9 

1,053.3 

409,  736 

100.0 

3,  869. 8 

4,  303.  7 

84 


Table  55. — Summarn  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


Date. 


Period. 


1897. 

Nov.       8-9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m. 

1  p.  lu.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 


9-lu 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p,  m. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m. 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m . 
1  a.m. to  7  a.m. 


Total 


10-11 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m. 
1  x>-  m.  to  7  p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 


Total 


11-12 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m. 
1  p.m. to  7  p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in. 


(a) 


4^  a 


w 


(&) 

•'".a  a  PI 

bt  ®  g  o  ■" 

S  3  o  bCO 

m£  a  o  ;h 


^ 


Calories. 
537.8 
551.2 
487.8 
219.3 


Degrees. 

6.  63-11.  78 
7. 03-12.  58 

7.  29-14.  53 
12.  69-17.  05 


1,796.1 


516.6 
528.9 
457.0 
239.5 


1,  742.  0 


509.2 
481.9 
503.9 
246.6 


1,  741.  6 


444.7 
527.8 
457.9 
251.5 


Total i     1,681.9 

Total,  4  days j     6,  961.  6 


7.  00-12.  59 

5.  71-12. 43 

9.  99-14.  93 

13. 09-17. 18 


5.  67-12.  08 

7.  52-13.  68 

7.  68-14.  25 

12.  02-16. 42 


7.73-14.19 

6.  91-14. 14 

7.  92-14.  68 
12.37-16.96 


(c) 


43    O) 


iS.o 


it 

S  o 


01    ^ 


^ 


(<i) 


'5X 


w- 


1.  0033 
1.  0031 
1.  0026 
1.0011 


Calories. 
539.6 
552.9 
489.1 
219.5 


1,801.1 


1.  0031 
1.  0033 
1. 0019 
1.  0010 


1.  0035 
1.  0027 
1.  0025 
1.0013 


1.  0025 
1.  0028 
1.  0024 
1.  0011 


518.2 
530.6 
457.  9 
239.7 


1.  746,  4 


511.0 

483.2 
505.2 
246.9 


1,  746.  3 


445.8 
529.3 
459.0 
251.8 


1,  685.  9 


6,  979.  7 


(e) 


a5 


=3°  . 
n  !=  (E 
o 


Degrees. 
+0.20 


—  .55 
+  .35 


+  .10 

—  .10 
+  .01 

—  .10 


+  .40 
—  .48 
+  .10 


+  .05 
—  .05 


+  .05 


85 


Tabi.I':  55. — Sinnmar<i  of  <<dorimeirlc  mcasuremcnls — Metaholism  experiment   No 

(^*r>nf.itiiiA<1 


Continued. 


Dat(! 


1897. 
Nov.      8-9 


9-10 


10-11 


11-12 


Period 


7  a. 
Ip. 
7  p. 
la. 


/  a. 
Ip, 
7p, 
la. 


7  a, 
Ip 
7p 
la. 


7  a. 
Ip 
7  p. 
1  a. 


lu.  to  1  \l.  Ill 
ni.  to  7  p.  m 
m.  to  1  a.  m 
m.  to  7  a.  Ill 


Total 


111.  to  1  p.  Ill 

m.  to  7  p.  Ill 
m.  to  1  a.  m 
ni.  to  7  a.  m 


Total .... 

111.  to  1  p.  m 
111.  to  7  p.  Ill 
111.  to  1  a.  Ill 
111.  to  7  a.  ni 


Total 


ni.  to  1  p.  m 
m.  to  7  p.  m 
m.  to  1  a.  ni 
m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total,  4  daj'.s 


9,  145.  9 


Table  56. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metaholism  experiment  Xo.S. 


I*eriod. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date. 

(a) 

o 

a 

a 

M 

(b) 

s 

M 

6 

0 
M 

CO 
T 

as 

GO       . 

CrfS 

+T 

a 
'3 

O 

o 

a 

M 

(/) 

05 

a. 
« 

Cl) 

.9 

M 

(h) 

o 

o  « 

'f. 

<» 

r< 
M 

(A) 

T 

1897. 

Nov,  8-  9 

9-10 

10-11 

11-12 

7  a.  111.  to 7  a.  111. 

do 

do 

do 

Total,  4  days.. 
Average,  1  day 

Grams. 
20.8 

20.7 
20.8 
20.7 

Grams. 
1.3 
1.2 
1.3 
1.2 

Grams. 
20.9 
18.9 
19.0 
19.2 

Gritms. 
-1.4 

+  .6 
+  .5 
+  .3 

Grama. 
270.7 
270.7 
270.7 
270.7 

Grams. 
10.6 
10.6 
10.6 
10.6 

Grams. 
14.9 
13.4 
13.6 
13.7 

Grams. 
228.0 
226.4 
223.8 
219.9 

Grams. 

+  17.2 
+20.3 
+22.7 
+26.5 

83.0 
20.8 

5.0 

1.:; 

78.0 

in.5 

.0 
.0 

1082.  8 
270.7 

42.4 
10.6 

55.  6 
13.9 

808. 1 
224.5 

+  86,7 
+21.7 

86 


The  record  of  tlie  water  consumed  each  day  during  this  experiment 
is  shown  in  the  following  table.  The  water  supplied  in  the  coffee  infu- 
sion was  900  grams  per  day,  but  on  some  days  it  was  not  comx)letely 
drunk,  as  the  figures  show. 

lieeord  of  drinking  water  and  coffee — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


Date. 

Coffee      Drinking 
infusion.      water. 

Total 
drink. 

Nov.  8          

Grams. 
882.4 
876.1 
900.1 
898.0 

Grams. 
596.4 
600.0 
599.2 
600.1 

Grams. 
1  478  8 

9              

1  476  1 

10 

1,499.  3 

11                

1, 498. 1 

Total     

3,  556.  6 

2,  395.  7 

5  952  3 

Tablk  57. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  No.  8. 


Period. 

Water. 

Date. 

(a) 

o 

cS 

a 

M 

.9 

PI 

H 

(c) 
m 

a 

M 

6 

.S 

'u 

(e) 

u  o 
•|| 

ffl  o 

^^ 
a 

M 

{/) 

IT 

<1  e 

1897. 
Nov.    8    9 

7  a  ro.  to  7  a.  ni 

Grams. 
1,266.4 
1,  266.  4 
1,  266.  4 
1,  266.  4 

Gram,s. 
1,  478.  8 
1,  476. 1 
1,  499.  3 
1,  498. 1 

Grams. 
49.5 
49.5 
49.5 
49.5 

Grams. 
3, 120. 1 
2, 188.  8 
1,878.6 
1,  758.  6 

Grams. 
1, 136.  3 
1,  053.  0 
1,061.1 
1,053.3 

Grams. 
—1,  560.  7 

9-10 

do 

—    548. 8 

10  11 

do 

—    223. 5 

11-12 

do 

—      96.9 

Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day 

5,  065.  6 
1,  266. 4 

•  5,  952.  3 
1,  488. 1 

198.0 
49.5 

8,  946. 1       4,  303.  7 
2,  236.  5       1,  075.  9 

—2,  429.  9 
—    607.5 

Hydrogen. 

(g) 

(7i) 

(i) 

(l) 

(m) 

(n) 

0 

u 

ai 

05 

00 

cS 

+= 

0 

Date. 

Period. 

'6 

05 

n 

§.|. 

c2 

c£ 

p 

ft^ 

GO 

c8 

M 

H 

< 

0 

0 

H 

1897. 

Grams. 

■Grams. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Nov.     8-  9 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

39.2 

1.5- 

4.2 

+  33.5 

—173. 4 

—139.  9 

9-10 

do 

39.2 

1.4 

3.8 

1-  34.0 

—  61.0 

—  27.0 

10-11 

do 

39.2 

1.5 

3.9 

+  33.8 

—  24.8 

-h    9.0 

11-12 

do 

39.2 

1.4 

3.9 

-f-  33,9 

—  10.8 

+  23.1 

Total,  4  days 

156.8 

5.8 

15.8 

+  135.2 

—270.  0 

-134.  8 

Average,  1  day 

39.2 

1:5 

4.0 

+  33.8 

—  67.5 

—  33.7 

87 

Table  58. — Gain  or  loss  of  iwotein  (N  X  0.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  8. 


(o) 

(6) 

(c) 

{d) 

(e) 

(/) 

Date. 

Period. 

9-1 

btUB 

o 

^= 

Protein    gai  n  e  d 
(+)  or  l08t(— ) 
(ax  6.25). 

Total     carbon 
gained  (  +  )   or 
lost  (— ). 

Carbon    in    pro- 
tein gained  (+) 
or    lost    (— ) 
(6X.53). 

■9  .IT 

S  ®  o 

o 

Fat  gained   (  +  ) 
or    lost    (— ) 
e^.765. 

1897. 

Grams. 

Oram,8. 

Grama. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Nov.      8-9 

7  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  iii 

-  1.4 

--8.7 

+  17.2 
+20.3 

+22.7 
+26.5 

4  6 

+21.8 
+18.3 
+21.1 
+25.5 

+  28.5 
+  23.9 
+  27.6 
+  33.3 

9-10 

do 

+  .6 
+  .5 
+  .3 

+3.8 
+3.1 
+1.8 

+2.0 
+  1.6 
+1.0 

10-11 

do 

11  12 

do 

Total,  4  daj-s 

0 

0 

+86.7 

0 

+86.7 

+  113.3 

Average,  1  day 

0 

0 

+21.7 

0 

+21.7 

+-  28.3 

Date. 


Period. 


(9^ 


{h) 


2   <i 

H 


.3  ®  +3 
<D  e8  O    • 


1897. 

Xov.      8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11-12 


7  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  m 

do 

do 

do 

Total,  4  days. 


Grams. 
—139. 9 
—  27.0 
+    9.0 
+  23.1 


Gram,s. 
—0.6 
+  .3 

+  .2 
+  .1 


(i) 

i-H 

2.2^ 


Gramas. 
+  3.4 
+  2.9 
+  3.3 
+  4.0 


(k) 

H 


Gravfbs. 
—142.  7 
—  30.2 
+     5.5 
+  19.0 


©    I 


u  Ocs" 


^ 


Grams. 
—1,  284. 3 
—    271.8 
+      49.5 
+     171.0 


Average,  1  day 


—134.  8 

0 

+13.6 

—  148.4  ' 

—1,  335.  6 

—  33.7 

0 

+  3.4 

—  37.  I  1 

—    333.9 

Table  59. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metaholism  experiment  No.  S. 


(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

id) 

ie) 

</) 

(9) 

ih) 

(0 

•a 

i  ^ 

i  >> 

-7"d 

T-iS 

i 

m 

ID 
U 

1 

s  + 

aid 

St3 

cS  O 

a-^ 

+  <c 

ga 

+  ® 

« a 

o  « 

o  ^^ 

o 

-tS  TJ 

■fi  .3 

Date. 

Period. 

§ 

o 

o 
PI 

•2 

5t-l  '3 

o  fco 
^  PI 

gy     of 
in  tb 
)• 

'a 

08  -S 

•C)  as 

2I 

s  ® 

m 

m 

Is  bO 

Sti  7 

e 

2-sJ 

<OA 

-^rt 

3 

0 

©  -If 

® 

a  43  "T 
«  "SI'S 

a 

fl-*^ 

a  -t^ 

i^ 

a 

a 

""1 

«t-l    . 

a 

i^T 

37 

o 

o 

^JT^ 

"O.    — 

'S-r;  w 

<o  """^ 

©  ^^ 

« 

5 

'?'*^^ 

®"t;  1 

«  S<l    ■ 

4S 

*-"  «j 

4» 

"o 

o 

-to 

S  a 

-»A  O    1 

ag-s 

-u>        "I" 

s 

1 

s 

"S"-S  o 

■■^•^-2 

■■S'Ce 

© 

«  0  0 

gss 

w 

w 

w 

P^ 

1^ 

w 

w 

w 

1897. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Caio- 

Calo- 

Calories. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Per ct. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

rie*. 

Nov.       8-9 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

2,897 

117 

157 

—50 

+    268 

2,405 

2,330 

-  75 

—3.1 

9-10 

do 

2,897 

117 

152 

+  22 

+     225 

2,381 

2,284 

-  97 

—4.1 

10-11 

do 

2,897 

117 

141 

+  18- 

+     259 

2,362 

2,292 

—  70 

—3.0 

11-12 

do 

Total, 4  days... 

2,897 

117 

160 

+  10 

+     313 

2,297 

2,240 

—  57 

—2.5 

11,588 

468 

610 

0 

+1,065 

9,445 

9,146 

—299 

—3.2 

Average,  1  day. 

2,897 

117 

153 

0 

+     266 

2,361 

2,287 

—  75 

—3.2 

88 

The  average  dail}^  income  of  energy  in  tbis  experiment — i.  e.,  the  esti- 
mated heat  of  combustion  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body, 
averaged  2,301  calories  per  day,  and  the  outgo — i.  e.,  the  heat  given  ofil: 
from  the  body  and  measured,  amounted  to  2,287  calories.  The  meas- 
ured outgo  was  thus  96.8  per  cent  of  the  theoretical  income.  This  dis- 
crepancy of  3.2  per  cent  is  larger  than  we  are  able  to  exi^lain.  We 
have  been  at  pains  to  repeat  a  large  number  of  the  analyses  of  the  food 
materials  and  excreta,  although  they  had  been  previously  made  in 
duplicate  or  triplicate.  Similar  repetitions  were  made  of  a  considerable 
number  of  the  analyses  of  experiments  Kos.  5,  6,  and  7,  but  although 
the  work  was  done  with  the  greatest  care  the  results  failed  to  give  data 
which  would  show  any  closer  agreement  of  income  and  outgo  of  energy 
than  the  figures  here  given.  The  most  x>lausible  explanation,  it  has 
seemed  to  us,  might  be  found  in  the  faulty  sami)ling  of  food  materials, 
an  assumption  which  is  favored  by  the  much  more  satisfactory  results 
obtained  in  the  succeeding  experiments  in  which  different  methods  of 
preparation  and  sampling  of  food  were  adopted.  These  new  methods 
are  described  under  the  details  of  exx3eriment  Ko.  9. 

DETAILS    OF   METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT   NO.  9. 

Some  of  the  details  of  this  experi  ment  have  already  been  given  in  the 
previous  publication  above  referred  to  and  will  not  be  repeated  in 
this  place.  The  subject  entered  the  chamber  on  the  evening  of  Jan- 
uary 9, 1898,  and  the  experiment  pro^Dcr  began  at  7  a.  m.  the  following 
morning.  During  the  interval  between  this  and  experiment  No.  8,  the 
method  of  preparation  and  sampling  of  foo;l  materials  was  so  changed 
as  to  enable  us  to  obtain,  we  believe,  more  accurate  samples  than  had 
hitherto  been  x>ossible.  The  method  of  sampling  Avas  that  already 
described,  in  which  the  food  materials  were  put  up  in  jars  before  tlie 
beginning  of  the  experiment  (see  page  19).  The  exx^eriment  was  a  rest 
exj^eriment,  and  very  nearly  a  repetition  of  experiment  No.  8,  but  with 
a  slight  reduction  of  the  amounts  of  i)rotein  and  energy.  No  alcohol 
was  included  in  the  diet. 

PREPARATION   OF    THE   FOOD. 

Tlie  beef  was  round  steak,  nearly  freed  from  fat.  It  was  passed 
through  a  meat  chopper,  by  which  it  was  cut  in  very  small  pieces  and 
well  mixed.  This  finely  chopped  meat  was  fried  in  a  shallow,  flat-bot- 
tomed pan  over  a  gas  flame  until  the  whole  was  tolerably  ^'well  done," 
and  had  lost  the  distinctly  reddish  color.  The  juice  which  CvScaped  in 
the  cooking  was  discarded.  The  cooked  meat  Avas  then  thoroughly 
mixed,  and  portions  ax)propriate  for  individual  meals  were  weighed  off, 
put  in  small  glass  jars,  sterilized,  and  set  aside  in  a  cold  place.  The 
contents  of  two  or  more  of  the  jars  were  used  for  analysis,  as  described 
on  imgel9.  The  others  were  used  ibr  the  experiment.  The  meat  kept 
well,  the  flavor  Avas  acceptable,  and  on  the  whole  the  method  of  prepa- 
ration and  sami)ling  seemed  satisfactory. 

The  bread  Avas  purchased  at  a  local  bakery.     From  an  appropriate 


89 

number  of  loaves,  weighing  about  If  pounds  each,  the  crust  wavS 
trimmed  off  and  discarded.  The  object  in  removing  the  crust  was  to 
avoid  error  due  to  the  introduction  of  varying  proportion  of  this  drier 
protein  into  the  different  jars.  The  crumb  was  cut  into  pieces  small 
enough  to  pass  easily  into  glass  jars,  and  well  mixed.  Portions  of 
appropriate  weight  were  put  in  glass  jars,  sealed,  sterilized,  and  set 
aside  iu  a  cold  place.  The  total  (luantity  for  a  day's  ration  was  put  some- 
times in  one  jar  and  sometimes  in  two.  The  contents  of  two  or  more 
jars  were  used  for  analysis.     The  bread  kept  well  and  was  palatable. 

Butter  in  sufficient  amounts  for  the  whole  experiment,  including  sam- 
ples for  analysis,  was  purchased  from  a  local  creamery,  and  was  put  up 
in  small  glass  pomade  jars  in  such  quantities  that  one  jar  furnished 
sufficient  butter  for  one  day.  The  specimens  thus  prepared  were  kept 
iu  a  cool  place.  Separator  milk  was  used  in  this  experiment  owing  to 
the  greater  uniformity  in  the  content  of  fat  as  compared  with  Avhole 
milk,  this  varying  but  little  from  0.1  per  cent.  It  was  i^urchased  fresh 
each  day,  and  a  composite  sample  made  up  of  aliquot  portions  of  the 
njilk  of  each  day  was  taken  for  analysis.  The  maize  and  wheat  break- 
fast foods  were  purchased  in  quantity  sufficient  for  several  exi^eriments 
and  well  mixed.  The  amounts  required  for  each  meal  were  placed  in 
glass  jars  and  set  aside  until  needed.  One  analysis  of  the  maize  and 
one  of  the  wheat  product  thus  served  for  several  experiments. 

Ginger  sna[)S  were  purchased  in  sufficient  quantity  for  one  experi- 
ment and  iu  amounts  appropriate  for  individual  meals  and  were  put  in 
glass  jars  as  was  done  with  other  food  materials.  "  Granulated"  sugar 
was  purchased  in  quantity  sufficient  for  several  experiments  and  kept 
in  a  closed  vessel.  Amounts  for  a  day  were  placed  in  glass  bottles,  and 
the  subject  used  as  nearly  as  he  could  judge  the  amounts  indicated  in 
the  menu  for  each  meal.  The  coffee  infusion  was  prei)ared  as  explained 
in  the  description  of  experiment  No,  5. 

The  menu,  daily  programme,  and  summary  of  the  subject's  observa- 
tions in  the  calorimeter  are  given  in  the  following  tables: 

Table  60. — Daih/  menu — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


Menu. 


BREAKFAST 

Beef,  fried 

Butter 

Skim  milk 

Bread 

Maize  breakfast  food 

Sugar 

Coffee 

DINNER. 

Beef,  fried 

Butter 

Skim  milk 

Bread 


Grams. 


100 
15 

160 
25 
50 
25 

300 


150 
20 

210 
50 


Menu. 


DINNER — continued 

Wheat  breakfast  food 

Sugar 

Coffee 

SUPPER. 

Butter 

Skim  milk 

Bread 

Wheat  breakfast  food 

Ginger  snaps 

Sugar 

Coffee 


Grams. 


50 

25 

:!oo 


15 
390 
25 
75 
60 
30 
300 


90 


Table  61. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


7.00  a.  in. 

1 
Eise,  pass  urine,  weigli  self  stripped, 

6.30  p.  m. 

Supper. 

collect  drip,  weigli  absorbers. 

7.00  p.m. 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh   ab- 

7.45 a.  m. 

Breakfast.                                                 i 

sorbers. 

10.30  a.  m. 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

10.00  p.m. 

Drink  200  grams   water,  weigh  self 

1.00  p.m. 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh  ab- 

stripped, take  cap  off"  food  aperture, 

sorbers. 

retire. 

1.30  p.m. 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.m. 

Pass  urine. 

3.30  p.m. 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

Table  62. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  9. 


Time. 


1898. 


Jan.  10, 

7.00  a.  m 

10, 

8.30  a. m 

10, 

1.25  p.  m 

10, 

4.25  p.  m 

10, 

5.00  p.  m 

10, 

7.00  p.  m 

10, 

10.00  p. m 

10, 

10.15  p.  m 

11, 

7.00  a.  m 

11, 

7.30  a.  m 

11, 

10.30  a.  m 

11, 

1.00  p.  m 

11, 

4.20  p.  m 

11, 

7.20  p.  m 

11, 

10.00  p.  m 

12, 

7.00  a.  m 

12, 

7.30  a.  m 

12, 

11.00  a.  m 

12, 

1.00  p. m 

12, 

3.30  p. m 

12, 

6.00  p.  m 

12, 

10.00  p.  m 

13, 

7.00  a. m 

13. 

7.30  a.  m 

13, 

10.35  a.  m 

13, 

1.00  p.  m 

13, 

4.00  p.  m 

13, 

6.. 55  p.  m 

13, 

10.00  p.  ni 

14, 

7.00  a.  ra 

Weight  of  subject. 


Without 
clothes. 


Kilogratns. 
68.42 


1 69.  20 


68.26 


68.  53 
67.81 


With 
clothes. 


KilograTTis. 


72.83 


68.65 
68.00 


68.72 
67.20 


Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 


73 


69 


59 
58 


Temper- 
ature. 


°F. 


98.4 


98.0 
96.1 


72 


62 


97.9 
96.4 


67 


97.9 


65 
62 


98.1 
97.4 


70 


97.9 


72 


98.4 


Hygrometer. 


Dry 
bulb. 


2L7 


21.6 
21.5 


21.6 


n.5 


21.4 
2L5 
21.5 
2L4 
2L4 
22.1 


21.4 
21.4 
21.8 
2L5 
21.5 
21.7 


21.3 
21.5 
2L7 
2L4 
21.6 
2L5 
21.7 


Wet 
bulb. 


17.0 


17.4 
17.4 


17.2 


17.4 


16.8 
16.9 
16.8 
16.8 
16.8 
17.7 


16.2 
16.4 
16.7 
16.4 
16.4 
16.8 


16.4 
16.6 
16.4 
16.4 
16.8 
16.7 
16.6 


'  It  seems  quite  probable  that  this  subject  recorded  his  weight  erroneously  at  this  time. 


91 

The  weiglits  and  composition  of  the  daily  food  are  given  in  Table  G3, 
and  those  for  the  feces  and  nrine  in  Tables  04  and  05. 

Taiuj:  63. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heatn  of  combustion  of  food n — Metabolism  experi- 
ment Xo.  9. 


2835 
2836 
2833 
2834 
2830 

2829 
2832 
2831 


Food  ir  aterial. 


Beef,  fried 

Skim  milk 

Butter 

Bread 

Wheat  break- 
fast food 

Giuger  suaps . . . 

Sugar 

Maize  breakfast 
food 

Total 


Grams. 

250 

758 

50 

100 

125 
60 
80 

50 


Grams.  Grams. 


168.3 
687.5 


64.0 
2.5.0 


Grams. 
13.5 


Gram,s. 


5.1 

.6 

42.4 

44.7 

8.4 

.2 

9.4 

12.4 

2.0 

'         3.2 

3.6 

5.7 

2.8 


5.6 


1,473 


921.0        119.6 


4.4 


39.4 


44.3 

97.1 
45.4 
80.0 

3.5.6 


w 


Grams.  Grams.  Grams. 


10.25 
3.94  I 

.10  I 
1.34  ' 

1.98 
.58 


40.88 
30,62 
31.34 
24.  .53 

51.65 
26.67 
33.68 


,  89       22. 17 


5.63 
4.32 
5.13 
3.54 

7.22 
3.89 
5.18 

3.22 


2  ® 


w 


Calories. 
482 
298 
388 
240 

509 
261 
317 

222 


69.0 


341.8        19.08 


261.  54       38. 13 


2,717 


Table  64. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heats  of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metabolism 

experiment  Xo.  9. 


6 
"A 

1 

i 
Hi 

1 

Protein. 

ID 

1 

o 
u 

CS 

O 

a 
fee 
1 

o 

U 

O 

S 

I' 
u 

Heats  of    com- 
buation    (de- 
termined). 

2838 

Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day.. 

Grams. 
424.0 
106.0 

Grams. 

309.1 

77.3 

Grams. 
31.4 
7  9 

Grams. 
16.5 
4.1 

Grams. 
48.4 
12.1 

Grams. 
5.04 
1.20 

Gram^s. 
53. 42 
13.36 

Grams. 
7.38 
1.85 

Calories. 
569 
142 

92 

T.\Hi.E  (15.  —  Amoioits  and  vomposition  of  urine — Metabolism  experituent  No.  9. 


Dati-. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen . 

Fer  cent.      Grams. 

1.26            4.30 
.  85             5.  84 
.  86             5.  69 

1.76             2.92 

Carbon.  1 

1S9S. 
Ja-i     10  11 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

Total  by  comjiosite. . . 

7a.  m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  m 

Total     

Grams. 
341.1 

686.5 
661.8 
165.9 

1.021 
1.015 
1.013 
1.024 

Per  cent. 

Grains. 

1,855.3 
1,  855.  3 

(I.  01) 
1.03 

18.75 
19.11 

12.79 

11   12 

379.5 
676.8 
774.8 
146.5 

1.019 
1.015 
1.012 
1.025 

1.15 
.88 
.76 

1.74 

4.36 
5.96 
5.89 
2.55 

1,977.6 
1,  977.  6 

(.95) 
.96 

18.76 
18.98 

12.80 

Total  by  composite. . . 

y>  13 

371.9 
337.  3 
652.3 
149.1 

1.018 
1.  025 
1.016 
1.024 

1.08 

1.53 

.99 

1.77 

4.02 
5.16 
6.46 
2.64 

\ 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  co!n])()site. . . 

7  a.  111.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p  m  to  1  a.  m         

1,510.6 
1,510.6 

319.1 
272.4 
599.4 
168.0 

(1.21) 
1.19 

18.28 
17.98 

12.47 

1 

13  14 

1.019 
1.027 
1.015 
1.022 

1.29 
1.68 
1.06 
1.69 

4.12 
4.58 
6.35 
2.84 

Total  

1,  3.58.  9 
1,3.58.9 

(1.32) 
1.28 

17.89 
17.39 

.   12.21 

Total  by  composite. . . 

Total  for  4  days   by 
periods 

Composite,  4  day.'^ 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  I),  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a. m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

0,  702.  4 
6,  702.  4 

73.68 
71.72 

i 

1.017 

1.07 

0.75 

50.  27 

14  1.') 

215.7 
208.5 
340.5 
194.0 

1.028 
1.  032 
1.030 
1.Q28 

1.72 
1.52 
2.01 
1.10 

3.71 
3.17 

6.84 
2.25 

958.7 

15.97 

15  16 

201. 1 
262.0 
404.  3 
222.  9 

l.!34 
1.44 
1.51 
1.63 

3.10 
3.77 
6.10 
3.63 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  i».  m.  to  1  SI.  m 

1  a .  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1   090  3  ' 

1'6.  60 

1 

' 

'  The  method  of  drying  tlie  urine  in  this  experiment  -was  as  explained  on  page  22.  The  urine  was 
evaporated  to  dryness  on  a  water  bath;  the  nitrogen  was  determined  in  the  fresli  urine  and  in  the 
dried  residue,  tlms  giving  data  for  cahmlating  the  amount  decomposed  during  the  drying  and  given 
oil  as  ammonium  carl)onate.  Tlie  cakmlations  are  too  detailed  to  be  given  liere.  It  will  .suffice  to  .say 
tliat  it  was  estimated  that  in  the  iii'oeess  of  drying  0.17  gram  of  urea  was  decomposed  from  every  100 
grams  fresh  iirinfr.  This  urea  would  contain  0.034  gram  of  carbon.  Adding  this  weight  of  carbon  to 
tliat  found  in  the  dried  residue  wr)uld  make  the  percentage  of  rarbon  in  the  water-free  urine  16.89 
instead  of  16.76,  as  actually  found.  Although  the  correction  is  small,  it  is  taken  into  account  in  the 
value  used  for  the  percentage  of  carlion. in  the  fresh  urine. 


93 


Table  65. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  0 — Cont'd. 


Date. 

I'l'iiiid. 
7  a  ID  to  I  i».  Ill       

TT  v(lr 

Water. 

Heats  of  combustion. 

Ji;^(ir.»j;cii. 

Per  gram.]    Total. 

]8;!8. 
Jan     10  11 

Per  cent. 

Grains. 

Per  cent. 

Gianis.      Calories.    Calorics. 

7  p  in.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1 

1  a  ni.  to  7  a.  Ill 

1 

Total  

3.41 

1,784.3 

0. 082                152 

7  a  lu  to  1  1).  Ill 

11  12 

...1.. 

1  p.  ni.  to  7  p.  Ill 

1 

7  p.  m  to  1  u.  m 

1                     1 

Total       

1 

3.41 

1,900.6 

lot'}]  l»v  composite 

.  081                160 

12- 1;} 

1  p.  Ill    to  7  1)   Til           

!                     ! 

7  p  in  to  1  a  111 

1 

1 

...     .^ . 

i 

1 

Total 

3.33 

1.441.5    

Total  by  cornposite 

.095                 143 

7  a  Til  to  1  p.  ni 

1 

Hi- 14 

1    ■                !    ■ 

1  J),  ni.  to  7  p.  ni 

1                    i 

7  p.  111.  to  1  a.  m 

1                    ' 

la  111.  to  7  a.  lu 

1 

1                    1 

Total 

1 

3.2G 

1,291.2 

1 

^ 

Total  bv  composito.. 

.102                 139 

Total  for  4  days,  by 
periods 

^QX 

Coin])osite,  4  days 

7  a.  111.  to  1  p.  Ill            

0.20           13.41 

95.  84       6,  423.  6             .  089  i              597 

14-15 

1  p.  ni.  to  7  ]).  Ill 

1 

1 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

i 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 



Total 

7  a.  ra.  to  1  p.  m 

15-lG 

1  p.  ni.  to  7  J),  m 

' 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

1 

1 

94 

Table  06  shows  tbe  results  of  the  determinations  of  residual  carbon. 
dioxid  and  water  within  the  apparatus  and  the  changes  in  weight  in 
the  absorbers  and  the  drip.  The  amount  of  drip  was  only  70  grams  for 
the  whole  exi)eriment,  and  this  accumulated  on  the  last  day.  In  the 
calculations  of  the  tables  it  has  been  assumed  that  it  collected  uni- 
formly during  the  last  four  i)eriods  of  the  experiment,  though  it  is 
probable  that  the  accumulation  was  less  during  the  i^eriod  of  sleej) 
than  at  other  times. 

Table  (^6.  —  Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  icater  in  the  charnher 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period ,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  Xo.  0. 


Date. 


1898. 
Jan.    10-11 


Bud  of  period. 


11-12 


12-13 


13-14 


/  a.  ui  . . 
1  p.  m. . 
7  p.  ni  .. 
1  a.  m  . . 
7  a.  Ill  . . 


Total 


1  p.  m 
7  p.  m 
1  a.  m 
7  a.  m 


Total 


1  p.  m 

7  J),  m 
1  a.  ni 
7  a.  m 


Total 


1  p.  Ill 
7  p.  in 
1  a.  in  . 
7  a.m. 


Total 

Total  for  4  davH 


Carbon  dioxid. 


o 
H 


m  IS 

o  o 

rH  © 

O  P< 

9  f*  ® 

C3  O  Ph 


;  Grams. 

I  26.9 
30.0 
44.9 
30.2 
27.7 


Grams. 


39.0 
44.3 

31.7 
26.5 


45.7 
46.0 
35.4 
27.3 


48.5 
48.8 
34.8 
25.7 


+  3.1 
+14.9 
-14.7 
—  2.5 


+     .8 


+11.3 
+  5.3 
—12.6 
—  5.2 


Water. 


'^  be 

^fcC 

•>->      •    50 

O  a 

1  a 

ja  CD  05 

unt 

laini] 

er. 

rin    © 

weig 
rber 
or  lo 

o 

09 
.a 

c4 

o  o-a 

U   f-i 

aSS 

o  p. 

•>-<    0!  T 

S  ^ 

otal    a 
vapor 
in  cha 

ain(+) 

over 

period 

stcs  g  • 

rip  fro 
e 

H 

O 

O 

I-* 

O  g 


I  ^ 

^  ©^  ft 

"'•S-s  © 


Grams. 
44.9 
31.4 
46.7 
49.8 
42.9 


Grams. 


—13.5 
+15.3 
+  3.1 
—  6.9 


Grams.  Grams.  \    Grams 


+14 
+22 

—  9 

—  9 


2.0 


—  1.2 


-fl9.2 
+  .3 
-10.6 
—  8.1 


43.4 
45.6 
50.2 
40.5 


+  .5 
+  2.  2 
+  4.6 
—  9.7 


44.3 
44.8 
55.3 

40.2 


—  2.4 

+  3.8 
+  .5 
+  10.5 
—15.1 


+18 

"+T 
—  1 
—11 
—10 


-19 


+13 
+  4 

—  4 

—  4 


+ 


+21.2 
+  .3 
—14.0 
—  9.1 


44.1 
46.4 
51.8 
40.2 


+  3.9 
+  2.3 
+  5.4 
—11.6 


~+n 

-\-   7 

—  5 

—  6 


1.6 


1.2 


4.7 


"+15' 


+  0.5 
+37.3 
—  5.9 
—15.  9 


+  16.0 


+  3.5 
+  1.2 
—  6.4 
—19.  7 


-21.4 


+17.6 
+  17.5 
+17.5 

+  17.5 


+  16.8 
+  4.5 
+  6.5 
—19.1 


+  8.7 


+32.5 
+26.8 
+  17.9 
—    .1 


+70.1 


+70.1 


+  77.1 


+80.4 


The  tables  showing  the  experimental  data  for  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  vapor  in  the  ventilating  air  current  have  already  been  given  in 
detail  in  a  previous  publication  of  this  series,^  and  only  the  total 
amounts  for  each  day  are  here  shown. 


U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63,  p.  79. 


95 


Table  67. — Sumwary  of  earhon  dioxid  and  ivater  in  vcniUaliuy  air  current — Metabolism 

experiment  No.  0, 


Period. 

u 

'eS 

bC 
1    . 

*  u 

>  a 

o 

o 

S 
"o 

Carbon  dioxid. 

o  >< 

'2| 

«  a 

5«  o 
-t^   CS 

,a  o 

'cs's 
H 

Grams. 

226.7 
221.8 
220.7 
225.  3 

Water. 

Uate. 

bt 

a 

O 

bX) 
-iJ 
7i 
o 
a 
'^.^ 

« 

<s 

o 
H 

If 

bO 

a 

I 

a 
o 

a  . 

v.. a 

ID 

3 

o 
H 

e 

<D 
ti 

4) 

a 

a 
§ 

'is 

^  a 
•£a 

Ei 

O 

5 

a 

o 
H 

1898. 

Jan.    10-11 

11-12 

12-13 

13-14 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . . . 

do 

do 

do 

Total,  4  days . . . 
Average,  Iday. 

Liters. 

104,  549 

105,  598 
104, 144 
104,  542 

Grams. 
830.3 
814.6 
808.5 
827.6 

Grams. 
-fO.8 
—1.2 

+  .8 
—1.6 

Grams. 
831.1 
813.4 
809.3 
826.0 

43.1 
48.3 
47.1 
46.9 

Grams. 
898.8 
864.8 
850.0 
885.5 

Grams. 

+16.0 

—21.4 

+  8.7 
+  77.1 

Grams. 
957.9 

891.7 

905. 8 

L009.5 

418,  833 
104,  708 

3,  281.  0 

—1.2 

3,  279.  8 
820.0 

894.  5 
223.6 

185.4 

3,  499. 1 

+80.4 

3,  764.  9 
941  2 

Table  68  summarizes  the  calorimetric  measurements  of  which  the 
details  are  given  in  the  previous  publication  referred  to. 

Table  68. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  9. 


Date. 

Period. 

cS 

a>    . 

a'* 
a  0/ 

■^  a 

cS 

Change  of  tem- 
jierature    of 
calorimeter. 

o 
o    . 

a 

C9 

Correction  due 
to    tempera- 
ture of  food 
and  dishes. 

Water  vapor- 
ized. 

Equivalent 
heat  of  water 
vaporized. 

Total  lieat  de- 
termined. 

1898. 
Jan.    10-11 
11-12 
12-13 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. .. 

do 

do 

Calories. 
1,854.5 
1,  706.  5 
1,819.4 
1,  827.  9 

Degrees. 
-0. 08 
+  .12 

+  .08 
—  .06 

Calories. 
—4.8 

+7.2 
+4.8 
—3.6 

Calories. 

—  59.7 

—  51.2 

—  53.0 

—  50.5 

Grams. 
939.9 
910.7 
896.8 
932.4 

Calories. 
556.4 
539.1 
530.9 
552.0 

Calories. 
2,  346.  4 
2,  261.  6 
2  3C2  1 

13-14 

do 

2,  325. 8 

Total,  4  days... 
Average,  1  day . 

7,  268.  3 
1,  817. 1 

+  .06 

+3.6 

—214.  4 

3,  679.  8 

2, 178.  4 

9,  235.  9 
2,  309.  0 

96 

In  the  following  tables,  69  to  72,  are  shown  the  income  and  outgo 
of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  protein,  fat,  water,  and  energy  in  this 
experiment: 

Taklk  69. — Income  and  ouUjo  of  nitrogen  and  curhon^MetahoUsm  experiment  No.  9. 


Nit] 

■ogen. 

Carbon. 

(a) 

ih) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(./•) 

(9) 

(/I) 

(A:) 

Date. 

3'eriod. 

CO 
O  o 

-    1 

o 
u 

O   CO 

-T- 

<s 

c 

+  e 

^ 

CO 

a 

& 

+7 

o 

o 

■pH 

"•— ' 

o 

« 

03 

^  1 

=2 

=2 

pi 

fi 

.!-( 

a 

^ 

^ 

0  ^ 

« 
^ 

H 

PI 

1— 1 

PI 
M 

c3 

1898. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grains 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

J 

lu. 10-11 

7a.ni.  to7ji.  m. 

19.1 

1.2 

18.7 

—0.8 

261.5 

13.3 

12.8 

226.7 

+  8.7 

n-12 

do 

19.1 

1.3 

18.8 

—1.0 

261.6 

13.4 

12.8 

221.8 

H-13.6 

12-13 

cIo 

19.1 

1.2 

18.3 

—  .4 

261.5 

13.3 

12.5 

220.7 

-1-15.0 

13-14 

do 

Total,  4  days.. 

19.1 
76.4 

1.3 
5.0 

17.9 

—  .1 

261.6 

13.4 

12.2 

225.3 

+10.  7 

73.7  ' 

—2.3 

1,  046.  2 

53.4 

50.3 

894.5 

+48.0 

Average,  1  day 

19.1 

1.3 

18.4 

—  .e 

261.6 

13.4 

12.6 

223.6 

+  12.0 

The  record  of  the  water  actually  consumed  each  day  is  given  in  the 
following  table : 

Record  of  drinking  water  and  coffee — Metabolism  exjjeriment  No.  9. 


Date. 


Coffee 
Infusion. 


Grams. 

J'»n-  10 '        892.  6 

11 889.7 

12 899.3 

13 1        899.6 

'J^otal I     3,581.2 


Drinking 
water. 


Grams. 
600 
400 
400 
400 


1,800 


Total 
drink. 


Grams. 
1,492.0 
1,  289.  7 
1,  299.  3 
1,  299.  C 


5,381.2 


97 


Table  70. — Income  and  outyo  of  nater  and  hydrogen — MetahoUsm  experiment  Xo.  9. 


—  1,432.6 

—  358.2 


Hydrogen. 

ig) 

(/*) 

(i) 

(0 

(//(.) 

(«) 

0 

u 

^^.— ~ 

Date.     • 

Period. 

ii. 

5 

33 

6 
a 

li  1 

pen 

S-l- 

^ 

.® 

S,Ci 

» 

33  tj  r 

a 

M 

< 

o 

Hi 

H 

1^98. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Jan. 10-11 

7  a.  m.  to  7  H.  m 

38.1 

1.8 

3.4 

+  32.9 

—  45.1 

-12. 2 

11-12 

do 

38.1 

1.9 

3.4 

-1-  32. 8 

—  73. 9 

—41.1 

12-13 

do 

38.1 

1.8 

3.3 

+  33.0 

—  217 

+  10.3 

13-14 

do 

38.1 

1.9 

3.3 

1    32.9 

—  17.  f) 

+15.4 

Total,  4  days 

152.4 

7.4 

13.4 

1  I'.U.G 

—151.2 

—27.6 

Average,  1  day 

38.1 

1.9 

3.4 

1    32.9 

—  39.8 

—  6.9 

Tahle  71. 


Gain  or  lo-^s  of  protein  {Nx  6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  ciperiment 

Xo.  9. 


(a) 

m 

(c) 

(rf) 

(e) 

(/) 

^^ 

+^^ 

fl  E! 

a  5i    ■ 

r  s-i 

j;    . 

-r 

o° 

U         CO 

«  o    . 

~  lO 

n 

^e 

.a 

•g     >«. 

O        73 

Date. 

Period. 

q  "T 

s  + 

-+2 

.rt+    1 

+    • 

ie+s 

rt  J. 

^ 

c     ^ 

c      ^ 

5^  ^-- 

itrogeu 
or  los 

CS  fl  +j 

o  9  « 

«  1 

1f      '« 

O  buS 

-?■«§ 
S'^® 

^ 

Giaiiis 

H 
Grains. 

O 
Grainn. 

Ui'txm^. 

f^—' 

1898. 

Giaitit-:. 

drains, 

Jan. 10-11 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m    

-.8 

—  5.0 

+  8.7 

—2.7 

i-11.4 

1  14.9 

11-12 

do..: 

—1.0 

—  6.3 

+i;j.G 

—3.3 

rlt5.9 

122.1 

12-13 

do 

-.4 

-   2.5 

■1  15.0 

—1.3 

+  16.3 

1  21.3 

13-14 

do  

—  .1 

—    .6 

+10.7 

—  .3 

+  11.0 

H  14.  4 

Total,  4  days 

—2.3 

-14.4 

+48.0 

—7.6 

-r55.6 

1-72'^ 

Average,  1  dav 

—  .6 

—  3.G 

+  12.0 

—1.9 

+13.9. 

+  18.2 

2824— No.  6<J- 


98 


Table  71. — Gaiu  or  loss  of  x>rotein  {Nx6.25),fai,  and  water- 

Xo.  9 — Continued. 


-MdnhoVism  exjyeriment 


Date. 


Period. 


(9) 


1898. 
Jan. 10-11 
11-12 
12-13 

13-lJ: 


a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 

...do.... 

...do 

...do 


Grams. 
—12.2 
—41.1 
-hlO.3 
+15.4 


Total,  4  days... 
.VA-erage,  1  day 


—27.  6 
—  6.9 


'".9T 
^.5-2 


Grains. 

—  .4 

—  .4 

—  .2 
.0 


(0 


.5  +x 


^'^  I 

•".5 
a  ^  -i^ 

<D  :/  2 

bX)      ^_, 
O     ' 


Grams. 

+  1.8 
+2.  G 
+2.6 

+  1.7 


+ 


(l) 


£-« 


W'd 


Grams. 
—13.6 
-43.3 
+  7.9 
+13.7 


-1.0 
-  .3 


+8.7 
+2.2 


-35.3 
-  8.8 


Grams. 

—122.4 
—389.  7 
+  71.1 
+123.  3 

—317.  7 
—  79.4 


T.A.1JLK  72. — Income  and  outgo  of  eiierf/ij — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  9. 


(«) 

(b) 

(c) 

id) 

('0 

'./■) 

(g) 

ih) 

(i) 

a 
o 

o 

a 
o 

com- 
otein 

t(-) 

c  a 

C3  2     . 

15 

Date. 

Period. 

-t.3 
(S       ■ 

B  a 
-a  ® 

c  <» 

05 
O  o 

S  ®  ® 

lieat  of 
of  fat  g 
st(-). 

energy  o 
idized  i 

_a 

9  «'^ 

'a  cD;r 

s  —  + 

.2  a  "S 

-  a;__ 

."=^ 

^'B 

a^  ®  e 

deter 

or  ] 

mate 

-e 

CS 

•§§  + 

a-r:'* 

t:  --•:; 

w 

w 

O 

00'^   -i 

Oi  -^ '-' 

c; 

(U-^  <o 

w  ■ — '  ^ 

h^ 

-"^ 

K 

M 

f^ 

H 

w 

Calo- 

Calo- 

S    . 

(7a  Zo- 

CaZo  ■ 

Calo- 

Ort.'o- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Per 

1898. 

riea. 

Ties. 

ries. 

rit'tf. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

cent. 

Jan. 10-11 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2,717 

142 

152- 

-29 

+  140 

2,312 

2,346 

+  34 

+1.5 

11-12 

do 

2,717 

M2 

ICO 

-36 

+  208 

2,243 

2,262 

+  19 

+  .8 

12-13 

do 

2,717 

142 

143 

—14 

+  200 

2,246 

2,  302 

+  58 

+2.5 

13.-14 

do 

Total,  4  days--.. 

2,  717 

142 

i:j9 

—  4 

+  135 

2,305 

2.326 

f  21 

+  .9 

10,808 

508 

594 

—83 

+683 

9,106 

9,230 

+  130 

+  1.4 

Average,  Idaj-.. 

2,717 

142 

149 

—21 

+  171 

2,277 

2,  309 

+  32 

+  1-4 

Tbe  average  daily  income  of  energy  in  this  experiment — i.  e.,  the 
estimated  lieat  of  combustion  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body — 
averaged  2,277  calories  jjcr  day,  and  the  outgo — i.  e.,  the  heat  given  off 
from  the  body  and  measured — amounted  to  2,309  calories.  The  meas- 
ured outgo  was  thus  1.4  i)er  cent  larger  than  the  theoretical  income. 

It  is  noticeable  that  with  change  in  the  method  of  saini^ling  an  agree- 
ment of  income  and  outgo  is  closer  than  in  experiments  Nos.  5  and  0, 
ai:d,  furthermore,  that  the  measured  energy  of  outgo  slightly  exceeds 
the  theoretical  energy  of  income. 


99 

DETAILS    OF    EXPERIMENT    NO.   10. 

Thi.s  experiment  was  intended  to  be  a  duplicate  as  nearly  as  i)racti- 
cable  of  experiment  No.  9,  except  that  a  ])ortion  of  the  fats  and  carbo- 
hydrates of  the  diet  sufficient  to  furnish  approximately  5()()  calorics  of 
energy  per  day  were  replaced  by  an  isodynamic  amount  of  alcoh(^l. 
Tl)e  amount  of  i)rotein  was  the  same  as  in  the  preceding  exx)eriment. 

The  subject  entered  the  apparatus  on  the  evening  of  February  14, 
1898,  and  the  experiment  proper  began  at  the  usual  time,  7  o'clock  the 
next  morning.  The  alcohol  was  the  same  in  kind  and  amount  and 
administered  in  the  same  way  as  in  cxj)eriment  No.  7  (see  p.  61),  and 
the  experience  there  gained  was  used  to  advantage  in  improving  the 
arrangements  for  this  experiment.  The  amount  of  alcohol  eliminated 
as  such  from  the  body  was  determined  by  the  method  described  on 
page  1^7,  with  results  as  shown  in  Table  83. 

The  daily  menu,  programme,  and  summary  of  the  diary  and  the 
determined  and  computed  results  of  income  and  outgo  are  shown  in 
Tables  73-83. 

Tahle  73. — Daihj  menu — MetahoUs))!  e.r2)erimcnt  So.  10. 


Menu. 


Grams. 


Menu. 


Grams. 


BREAKFAST. 

Beef,  fi-ied 

Butter 

Skim  milk , 

Breail 

Maize  breakfast  Tood 

Sugar 

Coffee  and  alcohol 


DINNER. 


Beef,  fried. 

Butter 

Skiuj  milk . 


nxxER — continued. 

120      Bread 

5      Coffee  and  alcohol 

ICO 

r.o 

50 
10 


SUPPER. 


Bread 

Wheat  breakfast  food 
Butter 


^^^      Skim  milk 

:  Ginger  snaps 

150      Sugar 

5      Coffee  and  alcohol 

200 

il 


50 
200 

25 

50 

5 

;joo 

CO 

15 

203 


Besides  the  coffee  and  alcohol  consumed  at  the  regular  meals,  125 
grams  was  consumed  in  the  middle  of  the  forenoon,  125  grams  in  the 
middle  of  the  afternoon,  and  115  grams  just  before  retiring. 

Table  74. — Daily  programme — Mttaholism  experiment  Xo.  10. 


7.00  a. 

m  .. 

Else,  pass  urine,  weigh  self  stripped, 

3.30  p. 

m. 

Drink  125  grams  alcohol  and  coffee. 

collect  drip,  weigh  absorbers. 

6.30  p. 

m  - 

Supper  (including  200  grams  alcohol 

7.45  a. 

m  .. 

Breakfast  (including  175  grams  alco- 

and coffee) . 

hol  and  coffee). 

7.00  p. 

m  . 

Pass  urine,   c()llect   drip,  weigh  ab- 

10.30 a. 

m  .. 

Drink  125  grams  alcohol  and  coffee. 

sorbers. 

1.00  n 

m  .. 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh  ab- 
sorbers. 

10.00  p. 

m  . 

Drink  remainder  of  alcohol  and  coffee, 
weigh  self  stripped,  take  cap  off 

1.30  p 

m  .. 

Dinner  (including  200  granls  alcohol 

food  aperture,  retire. 

and  coffee). 

1.00  a. 

m  . 

Pass  urine. 

100 


Table  75. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  10. 


Time. 


1898. 


Feb.  15, 

7.00  a. 

m 

15, 

7.45  a. 

m 

15, 

8.30  a. 

m 

15, 

10.45  a. 

m 

15, 

1.00  p. 

m 

15, 

1.45  p. 

m 

15, 

6.00  p. 

m 

15, 

10.00  p. 

in 

16, 

7.00  a. 

m 

16, 

7.30  a. 

m 

16, 

11.00  a. 

m 

16, 

2.30  p. 

m 

16, 

6.00  p. 

m 

16, 

9.30  p. 

ra 

- 16, 10.00  p. 

m 

17, 

7.00  a. 

m 

1", 

7.30  a. 

m 

17, 

11.00  a. 

m 

17, 

2.30  p 

m 

17, 

6.00  p 

m 

17, 

9.30  p 

m 

17, 

10.00  p 

m 

18, 

7.00  a. 

m 

18, 

7.30  a. 

m 

18, 

11.00  a. 

m 

18, 

2.30  p 

ni 

18, 

6.00  p 

m 

18, 

9.30  p 

m 

18, 10.00  p 

ra 

19, 

7.00  a. 

111 

■Weight  of  subject. 


Witbout 
clothes. 


Kilograins. 
67.45 


68.51 
67.87 


68.59 
67.81 


With 
clothes. 


Kilograms. 
71.11 


68.23 
07.52 


68.12 
07.59 


Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 


71.21 


Tempera 
ture. 


°F. 


50 


97.4 


65 


98.8 


Hygrometer. 


Dry 
bulb. 


°C. 


21.5 


21.5 


67 

67 


98.8 
93.  0 


50 
66 
69 

71 
71 


66 

70 
68 
71 
70 


56 
.85 
70 
64 
69 


96.8 
98.2 
99.0 
99.4 
99.0 


21.0- 
21.5 
21.9 


96.4 
98.8 
93.  0 
99.0 
98.6 


96.4 

98.8 
98.6 
98.4 
98.6 


21.7 
21.4 
21.  G 
21.8 
21.7 


21.4 
21.5 
21.5 
21.5 
21.6 


21.5 
21.8 
21.5 
22.0 
22.  2 


22.0 


Wet 
bulb. 


16.6 


16.6 


16.8 
1G.7 
17.2 


16.5 
10.2 
IG.  6 
17.0 
17.6 


16.3 
16.4 
16.6 
16.4 
1G.8 


16.2 

16.  G 

1G.8 

17.  G 

18.0 


17.2 


101 

Table  76. — Weight,  composition,  avd  heais  of  combustion  of  foo(ls — Metaholism  experiment 

No.  10. 


o 

Food  materiaL 

u 

1 

Grams. 

s 

1 
Grams. 

1 

2 

CS 

O 

<u 

O 

1 

Hydrogen. 

Heats  of  combus- 
tion determined. 

Grama. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

2839 

Beef  

270 

182.5 

73.4 

8.9 

1L72 

44.04 

6.32 

490 

2840 

"Wheat     break- 

fast food 

50 

3.6 

5.4 

.7 

39.7 

.88 

20.60 

3.02 

203 

2841 

Ginger  snaps  ... 

60 

2.6 

3.5 

3.7 

48.5 

.55 

25.67 

3.88 

255 

2842 

Maize  breakfast 

food 

50 

2.5 

5.9 

4.1 

36.7 

.94 

22.25 

3.25 

222 

2843 

Butter 

15 

1.5 

.1 

13.1 

.02 

9.66 

1.50 

120 

2844 

Bread 

125 

5L4 

10.4 

.3 

6L2 

1.66 

32.69 

4.80 

319 

2846 

Skim  milk 

750 

678.0 

24.8 

.8 

41.3 

3.98 

31.13 

4.58 

311 

70 

70.0 

29.47 

4.54 

277 

Total 

1,390 

922.1 

123.5 

31.6 

297.4 

19.75 

215. 51 

31.89 

2,197 

Alcohol 

Total 

72.5 

1 123.  0 

37.82 

9.46 

512 

922.1 

123.5 

3L6 

420.4 

19.75 

1  253.33 

1 

4L35 

2,709 

•  One  gram  alcohol  calculated  as  isodynamically  equivalent  to  1.7  grams  carbohydrates,  this  being  the 
ratio  of  the  heats  of  combustion  (4.1 :  7.1). 

Table  77. — Weiglii,  composition,  and  heats   of  combustion  of  fresh  feces — Metaholism 

experiment  So.  10. 


irs 

- 

«' 

.a  a 

" 

1 

i| 

o  3 

5^ 

-tj 

>> 

§ 

^ 

c| 

C3 

It 

o 

•a 

'S 

o 

be 

o 

o 

1 

*3  ■ 

Lab 

OJ 

^ 

© 

1 

JS 

«V3 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

2848 

Total,  4  days.... 

351 

249.2 

34.4 

14.7 

35.8 

5.51 

47.18 

6.39 

508 

Average,  1  day.. 

87.8 

62.3 

8.6 

3.7 

9.0 

1.38 

n.80 

1.60 

127 

102 


Table  78. — Amounts  and  composition  of  urine — Metabolism  experiment  No.  10. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

1898. 
Feb.   15-16 

Grains. 
263.6 
332.6 
370.1 
149.3 

1.027 
1.029 
1.026 
1.028 

Per  cent. 
1.73 
].78 
1.61 
2.21 

Grams. 
4.56 
5.92 
5.90 
3.30 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

1  p.  ru.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  HI  to  1  a.  m . 

1  R. m  to  7  a. m  ........... 

Total 



1, 115.  6 
1,115.6 

19.74 
19.63 

13.70 

Total  by  composite. . 
7  a.m.  to  1  p.m. 

1.027 

1.76 

16-17 

276.6 
434.9 

468.3 
153.0 

1.027 
1.024 
1.020 
1.027 

1.81 
1.53 
1.24 
2.  0.-^ 

5.01 
6.65 
5.81 
3.11 

Total       

1,  832. 8 
1,  332.  8 

20.58 
20.79 

14.28 

Total  by  composite- . 
7  a  HI  to  Ip. m  .... .. 

1.023 

1.56 

17  18 

285.8 
433.1 
819.7 
163.5 

1.026 
1.018 
1.014 
1.024 

1.67 

1.12 

.85 

1.69 

4.77 
4.85 
6.97 
2.76 

1  p.  m..  to  7  !>.  m. 

7  p  m  to  1  a.  m.. 

Total 

1,  702. 1 
1,  702. 1 

19.  85 
19.57 

13.43 

Total  by  composite. . 
7  a.  m  tol  p.m 

1.018 

1.15 

1 

18  19 

249.0 
452.2 
325.8 
166.4 

1.  024 
1.021 
1.026 
1.024 

1.70 
1.29 
1.52 
1.85 

4.23 
5.83 
4.95 
8.08, 

1  p  m.  to  7  p. m. ........ 

7  p  m  to  1  a  m ....... 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Total 

1, 193.  4 
1, 193.  4 

18.09 
18.14 

12.  56 

Total  by  composite. . 

Total,  4  days,  by  pe- 
riods   

1.023 

1.52 

5,  343.  9 
5,  343.  9 

77.76 
77.49 

Composite,  4  days  . . . 
7  a  m. to  1  p. m. ....... . 

1.45 

1.01 

53.97 

19  20 

181.5 

198.8 
332.3 

279.0 

1.80 
1.80 
1.42 
1.40 

3.32 
3.58 
4.72 
3.91 

1  p  m.  to  7  p.  m      .   .... 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m..  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

994.6 

15.53 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  ni 

20-21 

220.5 
223.6 
389.4 
294.8 

1.29 

1.20 

1.51 

.76 

2.84 
2.68 
5.88 
2.24 

1  p. m.  to  7  "p.Tw. .......... . 

7  p.  m .  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1, 128.  3 

13.64 



103 

Taule  78. — AmoKHts  and  composition  of  lo'iiu — Mi  taholiam  experiment  No.  10 — Cont'd. 


Pato. 

• 

• 

ri'iioti. 

H 

ydrojieu. 

\Vi 

Heats  of  combustion. 

wa.v.. 

Per  gram..    Total. 

1898. 
Fi'b     15-1(3 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Per  cent.  \    (hams. 

Calories.    Calorics. 

i 

1 

la  ni  to  7  a.  Ill 

'                   1 

Total 

i 

3.26 

1,(149.8 

0.126 

un 

16-17 

' 

Ip  lu  to  7  1).  Ill     .......... .... 

1 

1                     1 

1  a  ni  to  7  a.  111........... - -- - 

Total 

Total  by  composite. . 

3.  40 

1,264.2 

.  122                162 

7  a  111  to  1  p.  Ill ........... . 

17  18 

1  p  ni  to  7  p  111 

1 

! 
lanito7aiii        ..   ' -            -    ..-.._ 

\ 

Total 

Total  by  coiii]tosite. . 

3.19 

1,637.6 

.087                148 

7  a.  ill.  to  1  p.  Ill 

18  19 

1  p. Di. to  7  p. in ... 

7  p.  m.  tol  a.  Ill 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill --                         --        

Total 

1 

2.98 

1     1,133.1 

Total  by  composite . .  -  -       

.  116  i              139 

Total,  4  days,  by  pe- 
riods   

589 

Composite,  4  days  . . . 
7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

0. 

24 

12.83 

95. 15       5, 084.  7 

.110" 

588 

19  20 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

1 

7pm  to  1  a.  m 

1 

1                    i 

Total 

7  a.  m.  tol  p.  m 

1 

20-21 

1                    ! 

1  p  m  to  7  p  m 

1 

7  p  ni  to  1  a  m 

1 

Total 

.    __l     

^""^^ 1 1 

104 

Table  79. — Coynparisov  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  cliamher 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  Xo.  10. 


Date. 


1898. 
Fell.    15-16 


16-17 


17-18 


18-19 


End  of  period. 


Carbon  dioxid. 


i 

-»^ 

o 
H 


7  a.  m. 
1  p.m. 
7  p.  m. 
1  a.  m. 
7  a.  m. 


Grams. 
23.9 
36.0 
39.6 
28.5 
26.0 


a,  W) 
0"2 


+  ' 


d3 


Total 


Ip.ra 41.2 


7p.m. 
1  a.  m. 
7  a.  m. 


Total 


1  p.  m. 
7p.m. 
1  a.  m. 
7  a.  m. 


Total 


1  p.m. 
7  p.m. 
1  a.  m. 
7  a.  ra. 


42.5 
30.5 
24.3 


Grams. 

+12.1 
+  3.6 
—11.1 
—  2.5 


38.9 
43.7 
30.7 
24.5 


Total 

Total  for  4  days. 


39.4 
43.2 
35.9 
26.3 


+  2.1 


+15.2 
+  1.3 
—12.0 
—  6.2 


o  a 

fl  be 

CS  id 

"S  S  si 

-(3  ®  * 


oc  be 

—.    Si    '^ 

'3  o"E 


"Water. 


<=  + 

A  c 

01    be 
if      1^ 

.a  0)^-^ 

.a  II 
^  u  tl 

bco  O 

g    00— • 

O 


Grams. 
40.2 
41.9 
44.5 
48.8 
39.3 


Grams. 


+  1.7 
+  2.6 
+  4.3 
—  9.5 


Grams.  Grams. 


+80 
+  15 
—13 
—13 


—    .9 


—  1.7 


+14.6 
+  4.8 
—13.0 
—  6.2 


+     .2 


+  14.9 
+  3.8 

—  .7.3 

—  9.6 


+  1.8 


2.4 


41.9 
43.6 
50.8 
38.5 


+  2.6 
+  1.7 


+69 


+23 

+  2 


40.1 
43.4 
44.2 
37.5 


43.7 
46.3 
49.6 
40.7 


+  7. 2  I      —  3 
—12.  3  1      —  4 


.8 


+  18 


+  1.6 
+  3.3 
+  .8 
—  6.7 


+  9 

+  3 

-  7 

—  8 


1.0 


—  3 


+  6.2 
+  2.6 
+  3.3 
—  8.9 


+11 
+  16 
-  9 
—10 


+  3.  2         +  8 


+ 


+92 


25 


25 


o  o  p. 

g'T  ® 

+a  T-  p 

H 


Grams. 


+  81.7 
+  17.6 

—  8.7 

—  22.5 


+  68.1 


+  25.6 
+  3.7 
+  4.2 
—  16.3 


+  17.2 


+  10.6 
+     6.3 

—  6.2 

—  14.7 


—    4.0 


+  24.2 
+  24.6 
+  .3 
—  J2.9 

+  36.2 


+•117.  5 


105 

Table  80. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilatinff  air  current — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  10. 


(a) 

Carbon  dioxid  pe 

r  liter— j 

2  « 

ig) 

(h) 

ib) 

(c) 

(d) 

2'3 

t 

••J 

*—    S 

•*"l! 

.2 

Date. 

Period. 

lume  of  ventila 
air  current. 

"5 

a 

1 
2 

*s 

a 
'o 

5 

.•3 

u  a 

s  . 
ox 

"•a 

«  bo 

rrection   for  car 
nxid  in  apparnt 

> 

e 

6^ 

og.^' 

C  X  X 

1898. 

Liters. 

Mg. 

Mgg. 

Mgg. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Oram,s. 

GraTns. 

Feb.  15-16 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

26, 823 

0.610 

8.349 

7.739 

207.6 

-^12.1 

219.7 

59.9 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

27, 192 

.  567 

8.199 

7.  632 

207.6 

+  3.6 

211.2 

57.6 

7  p.m. to  1  a. m 

27,  655 

.547 

7.  972 

7. 425 

205.2 

—11.1 

194.1 

52.9 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  

27,705 

.569 

5.547 

4.978 

137.9 

-  2.5 

135.4 

36.9 

109,375  1 ■ 

1 

758.3 

+  2.1 

760.4 

207  3 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

16-17 

26,  458 

.634 

8.597 

7.963 

210.7 

+  15.2 

225.9 

61.6 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  IU 

26,  866 

.698 

9.255 

8.557 

229.9 

+  1.3 

221.2 

60.3 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

27, 228 

.738 

8.518 

7.780 

211.8 

—12.0 

209.8 

57.2 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

27, 114 

.632 

5.763 

5.131 

139.1 

—  6.2 

132.9 

36.2 

107,  666 



791.5 

—  1.7 

789.8 

215.3 

17-18 


18-19 


I  a. 

IP 
7p 
1  a. 


I  a. 

IP 
7p 
la. 


m.  to  1  p.m  . 
m.  to  7  p.  m . 
m.  to  1  a.  ni . 
m.  to  7  a.  m  . 

Total 


26, 986  I  . 585 

27,  254  I  .  586 

27,251  .656 

27, 426  . 598 


8.689 
8.702 
8.471 
5.515 


8.104  218.7 

8.116  221.2 

7.815  213.0 

4.917  134.9 


+14.6       233.3 

+  4. 8  ,     226.  0 


-13.0 
-  6.2 


200.0 
128.7 


63.6 
61.6 
54.5 
35.1 


108, 917    787. 8      +     .  2 


788.0 


m.  to  1  p.m  . 
ra.  to  7  p.  m. 
m.  to  1  a.  m  . 
m.  to  7  a.  m  . 


27,  065 
27,  223 
27.368 
27, 013 


.521 

8.649 

.640 

9.066 

.559 

8.860 

.600 

5.  639 

8.128  220.0 

8.426  229.4 

8.  301  227.  2 

5.039  136.1 


+14.9  I  234.9 

+  3.  8  '  233.  2 

—  7.3  219.9 

—  9.  G  126.  5 


Total 

Total  for  4  days .    434,  627 


108,  669  ' 812.  7     +1.8       814.  5 


214.8 

64.1 
63.6 
60.0 
34.5 


222.  2 


3,152.7         859.6 


106 

Table  81. — liecord  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  10. 


Period. 

Volume  of  ventilating     ^ 
air  current.              ^ 

Water  per  liter— 

6 

^    . 

m 

a>  be 
.-.  o 
'^■- 

+j 

o 
H 

(/, 

(9) 

(h) 

Date. 

(&) 

u 
'3 

a 

a  ■ 

o 
u 

a 
a 

H 

u 
'ci 
be 

1 

O 

a 

H 

6 

^^ 
s-^ 

°  1 

.1-* 

Mg. 

0.598 
.230 
.249 
.192 

N 

I 
=(-1 

.9 

"d    • 
a; 

a 
« 
"d 
n 

o 

a-" 

be 

.la 
"  S  . 

£  9  fr' 

fc^  <»  i 

o 

'd 

.a 
X 

S  + 

H 

1898. 
Feb.  15-16 

7  a.m.  to  1  p. m 

1  p.m. to  7  p. m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Liters. 

26,  823 

27, 192 

27,  655 
27,  705 

Mg. 

0.848 
.772 
.750 
.718 

Mgs. 

1.446 

1.002 

.999 

.910 

Grams. 

16.0 

6.3 

6.9 

5.3 

Grams. 
216.0 
217.2 
227.2 
221.9 

Grams. 
+  81.7 
+  17.6 

—  8.7 

—  22.5 

Grams. 
313. 7 
241.1 
225.4 

204.7 

Total 

109,  375 

34.5 

7.1 
5.3 
5.7 
6.1 

882.3 

198.3 
210.7 
238. 4 
222.6 

+  68.1 

+  25.6 
+     3.7 
+     4.2 
—  16.3 

984  9 

16-17 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m. 

1  p.  m.  tc  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

26,  458 

26,  866 

27,  228 
27, 114 

,757 
.778 
.788 
.693 

1.025 
.974 
.996 
.919 

.268 
.196 
.208 
.226 

231.0 
219.7 
248.  3 
212.4 

107,  666 

26,  986 

27,  254 
27,  251 
27,  426 

24.2 

10.2 
8.0 

10  7 
8.7 

870.0 

205.5 
212.5 
218.9 
205.7 

+  17.2 

+  10.6 
+     6.3 

—  6.2 

—  14.7 

—  4.0 

+  24.2 
f  24.6 
+      .3 

—  12.9 

911.4 

17-18 

7  a.m. to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  ni 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m.. 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  for  4  days 

.656 
.701 
.094 
.673 

1.  035 
.996 

1.  088 
.991 

.379 

.295 
.394 
.318 

226.3 
226.8 
223.4 
199.7 

108, 917 

37.6 

12.4 

8.3 

.   11.6 

6.5 

842,6 

202.  7 
231.5 
252.9 
217.5 

876.2 

.460 
.305 
,427 
.240 

18-19 

27,  065 
27,  223 
27, 368 
27,  013 

.711 
.757 
,738 
.748 

1.171 

1.062 

1.1G5 

.96 

239.  3 
264.4 
264.8 
211.1 

108,  669 
434,  627 

1 

38.8 
135,1 

904.6 
3, 499.  5 

+  36.2 
M17.5 

979.6 

3,  752. 1 

t  ■ 



107 

Table  82. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No.  10. 


Date. 


1898. 
Feb.    Ifi-Ki 


16-17 


17-18 


18-19 


Period. 


(a) 


ao 


ib) 


M 


7  a.  111.  to  1  p.  m. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m . 


1  a.  HI.  to  7  a.m. 


Calories. 
478.0 
467.6 
448.4 

273,  5 


C  C  £  ti 
®  a?  c  •"' 

-  Degrees. 
8. 65-12.  83 

7.  95-12.  68 

8.  20-13.  60 
C  9.  39-15.  25  ^ 
Ul.  59-17.  01    / 


(e) 


Degrp.ct. 
-f-0. 15 

+  1.05 


1.0017 


274.0 


Total I     1,667.5 


7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 


513.6 
512.7 
463.2 
303.5 


1,671.6 


Total I     1,  793.  0 


7.82-12.01 
7.23-12.49 
8. 07-14.  00 
9.  65-15.  63 


1. 0030 
1.0031 
1.  0025 
1.0019 


515.1 
514.3 
464.4 
304.1 


—  .05 
+  .05 

—  .05 

—  .10 


1,  797.  9 


7  a.  m.  to  1p.m. 
1  J),  m.  to  7  p.  ni 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in. 


Total 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  lu 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  ni 
1  a. m. to  7  a.m. 


Total 

Total  for  4  days 


490.4 
514.5 
460.1 
295.2 


8. 19-12.  38 

7. 79-12.  53 

7.  99-13. 80 

10.  57-16.  59 


1.0028 
1.  0029 
1. 0025 
1.  0015 


491.8 
516.  0 
461.1 
295.6 


i  .20 
—  .10 
+  .05 

.00 


1,760.2  \ '     1,764.5 


480.7 
529.3 
468.9 

285.  8 


8.  28-13.  33 

8.  01-13.  93 

8. 19-13.  58 

10.  54-16.  53 


1.  0026 
1.  0025 
1.  0025 
1.0015 


1,  764.  7 


6,  985.  4 


482.0 
530.6 
470.1 
286.2 


.05 


,05 
,10 


1,  768.  9 


7, 002.  9 


108 

Table  82. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — MeiaboUsm  experiment  No.  10- 

Continued. 


Date. 


1898. 
Feb.   15-16 


Period. 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 


Total 


16-17  j  7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 


1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 
1  a. m. to  7  a.m. 


Total 


17-1 8  7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 
1  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  m . 


18-19 


Total  .... 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.m. to  1  a. la 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 


Total 

Total  for  4  days 


(/) 


§5 


O 


(9) 


t  ®  * 

o 


(71) 

P   CS  q 

— -®  a 

«  w  S 

S  5=!  fl  ft 

o  o  3  ® 

as  s  00  o 

+^  "S  *  -. 


^ 


(i) 


4a  C 
c8  O 


W 


Calories, 
+  9.0 


+  3.0 


+12.0 


—  3.0 
+  3.0 

—  3.0 

—  6.0 


—  9.0 


+12.0 

—  6.0 

+  3.0 

■0 


+  9.0 


3.0 


+  3.0 
—  6.0 


Calories.  \    Grams. 


+  3.7 
—  8.8 


5.1 


+  6.4 
—12.5 


—  6.1 


233.7 
226.1 
238.4 
217.7 


Calories. 
138.4 
133.8 
141.1 
128.9 


915.9 


542.2 


208.0 
217.7 
251.3 
216.4 


123.1 
128.9 
148.8 
128.1 


893.4 


528.  9 


+  0.9 
—  8.9 


217.3 

223.8 
229.4 
208.7 


—  8.0- 


879.2 


+  2.8 
—12.8 


221.3 
242.4 
267.8 
215.1 


6.0 


-10.0 


946.6 


6.0 


-29.2 


128.6 
132.5 
135.8 
123.5 


520.4 


{k} 


1  + 

-  + 


Calories. 
630.3 
593.9 
593.6 
402.9 


2,  220. 7 


641.6 
633.7 
610.  2 
426.2 


2,311.7 


633.3 
633.6 
599.9 
419.1 


2,  285.  9 


131.0 
143.5 
158.0 
127.3 


560.4 


612.8 
661.3 
631.7 
407.5 


2,  313.  3 


2,151.9 


9,131.6 


The  total  amouiit  of  alcohol  excreted  as  such  in  the  urine,  freezer 
water,  and  in  the  air  current  is  shown  in  Table  83.  The  total  amount 
per  day  as  thus  estimated  was  1.1  grams,  of  which  0.1  gram  was  excreted 
in  the  urine,  1  gram  was  given  off  by  the  lungs  and  skin  and  found  in 
the  air  current  and  freezer  water.  The  total  excretion  of  1.1  grams  is 
1.5  i)er  cent  of  the  total  amount  ingested.  As  stated  on  page  27,  we 
believe  that  this  is  in  excess  of  the  actual  amounts  of  alcohol  given  off 
from  the  body  unconsumed,  as  there  was  evidence  that  part  of  the 
material  here  reckoned  as  alcohol  given  off  from  the  body  included 
other  organic  compounds. 


109 


Table  83. — Alcohol  excreted  hy  the   kidneys  and  hy  the  lunys — Metabolism  experiment 

So.  10. 


Period. 

Alcohol. 

Found  in  urine. 

■ 

Found  in  respira-                     ' 
torj-  products. 

Total  income. 

Date. 

In  freezers. 

In  air  cur- 
rents. 

Total  excrett 

n 
o 

p 

1898. 
Feb.   15-16 

7  a.  ni.  to7a.  m 

Gram. 

0.05 
.08 
.22 
.11 

Gram.       Grams.      Grams. 

0.26            0.71  !          1.02 
.06              .88             1.02 
.05             1.05             1.32  1 
.04               .80             1.01 

Grams. 
72.49 
72.49 
72.49 
72.49 

Grams. 

71.47 
71.47 
71.17 

71.48 

16-17 

do 

17-18 

do 

18-19 

do 

Total 

.46 

.41             3.50             4.37  j 

1 

289.  96 

285.  59 

Tables  84-87  show  the  nitrogen,  carbou,  hydrogen,  protein,  fat,  water, 
and  energy  of  income  and  outgo  in  metaboHsin  exi^erinient  !No.  10. 

Table  84. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  So.  10. 


Xitrogen. 

Carbon. 

(a) 

w 

(c) 

id) 

(e) 

(/) 

(9) 

(h) 

(i) 

.  ik) 

1 

00 

>> 

..:. 

3c  -^ 

Date.             Period. 

• 

^  ai 

"o 

.2-H 

^4*^ 

O     '' 

eS  ■" 

o  — 

.a 

u'i 

—  "^ 

Si 

--i; 

i 

® 

ti 

OS 

* 

g-'s 

'^ 

c 

-d 

<s 

a 

o  u 

o  a 

■■^ 

.s 

.2.1, 

.o 

.V 

u 

" 

_a  «j 

c8 

a   1 

^ 

'"' 

'"' 

^i 

M 

^^ 

h- 

I— ■ 

^^ 

O  >- 

1898. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Chrams. 

Gms. 

Grams. 

Gms. 

Grams. 

Feb.  15-16     7a.m.to7  a.m. 

19.7 

L4 

19.7 

—1.4 

253.3 

1L8 

13.7 

207.3 

0.5 

+20.  0 

16-17    do 

19.8 

L4 

20.0 

-2.2 

253.3 

1L8 

14.3 

215.3 

.5 

+  1L4 

17-18    do 

19.7 

1.4 

19.4 

— l.l 

253.4 

1L8 

13.4 

214.8 

.7 

+  12.7 

16-19    do 

19.8 

1.4 

18. 1 

-r   .3 

253.3 

11.8 

12.6 

222.  2 
859.6 

.  5 

+  6.2 

Total,  4  days.. 

79.0 

5.6 

77.8 

—4.4 

1,013.3 

47.2 

54.0 

2.2 

-f  50.  3 

Average,  1  day 

19.8 

1.4 

19.5 

-1.1 

253.3 

11.8 

13.5 

214. 9 

.6 

+  12.6 

The  amounts  of  water  in  the  mixture  of  alcohol  and  coflee  infusion 
and  the  amount  of  drinking-  water  consumed  each  day  during  this 
experiment  are  shown  in  the  following  table.  The  alcohol  inixtuiewas 
made  by  adding  to  815  grams  ot  coffee  infusion  45  grams  of  sugar  and 


110 

80  grams  of  90.07  per  cent  alcohol,  making  a  total  of  940  grams  con- 
taining 822.5  grams  water: 

Iiccord  of  drivkhui  uater  (iiid  coffee — MetahoVism  experiment  So.  10. 


D;ifj. 


Coffee     Drinking  I     Total 
infusion,      water,    i     drink. 


1808.  Grams.  Grams.  Graina. 

Feb.  1 '. 822.  5  2()0.  0  1,  022.  5 

16 822.5  200.0  1.022.5 

17 822.5  200.0  1,022.5 

18 822.5  200.0  1,022.5 

Tot:il 1., 3,290.0  800.0  4.090.0 


Taislk  85. — Income  and  oui'io  of  wale r  and  hydrogen — MetahoJ'ism  crperimeni  Xo.  10. 


(rrv 


('-') 


AA^ater. 


(c) 


(d) 


(e) 


if) 


Date. 

Period. 

Gram-s. 
922.1 
922.1 
922. 1 
922. 1 

dratiis. 
1.022.5 
1.022.5 
1,022  5 
1,022.5 

9 

a 

o   . 
•-  2 

<  e 

1898. 
Feb.   15  16 

7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  Ill    

Grams.       Grams. 
62.  0        1  -  049.  8 

Grams. 
984.9 
911.4 
876.2 
985.6 

Grams. 
152.4 

16-17 
17-18 
18-19 

do 

do 

do 

Totiil.  4  days 

A  verage,  1  day 

62.  .3 
62.3 
62.3 

1,  264.  2 
1,  637.  6 
1,133.1 

-  293.3 

-  631.5 

-  236. 4 

3,  688.  4 
022. 1 

4,  090.  0 
1,022.5 

249.  2       5,  084.  7 
62.3       1,271.2 

3.  7.58.  1 
939.5 

—  1.313.6 

—  328.4 

Hydrogen. 

(,'/»        (/') 


(i) 


a-) 


(I) 


(m)  (n) 


I);it. 


I'eriod. 


+ 


+ 


1898. 
Feb.   15-16  \  7  a.  ni.  to  7  ;i.  111. . 

16-17  ' do 

17-18    do 

18-19  ' do 


Total.  4  days 165.4 

A  verage,  1  day 41.4 


.*^  r. 
O  O 


Grams. 

G 

rams. 

G 

ram,s. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

41.3 

1.6 

3.2 

0.1 

+  36.4 

—  16.9 

-i  19.5 

41.4 

1.6 

3.4 

.1 

-  36.3 

-  32.6 

+  3.7 

41.3 

1.6 

3.2 

o 

36.3 

—  70.  2 

—33.  9 

•11.4 

1.6 

3.0 

.1 

-+  ::6.  7 

—  26.3 

^10.4 

16.5.4 

6.4 

12.8 

.5 

,  145.7 

—1-16.  0 

—     .3 

41.4 

1.6 

3.  2 

•1. 

+  36.4 

—  36.5 

—    .1 

Ill 

Tahlk  8(>. — darn  or  Josh  of  profein   {N  X  (>.2o),  fill,  avd  iraitr — Me(((hnH.s,ii  cipct'nnnit 

No.  10. 


Date. 

Period. 

1898. 
Feb.   15- If) 
16  17 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

.  ,lo 

17  18 

do 

18-19 

do 

Total,  4  days... 
Averaj^e.  Iday.. 

(a) 


bus 

o  ^ 


(In 

.9  ^  '■* 
(1^     . 


('■) 


o  ® 
H 


('/) 

(<■) 

(.0 

a  ^^  -^ 

r  f^ 

S:rx 

z\ 

fl    .-^ 

<i     -^ 

•-"-r  1 

S  ^ 

c  i-!- 

'—  ij  ^ 

■^    i 

2.S« 
5  '^■^ 

Z  0  ^ 

.^■•Z    CD 

O 

a 

lii" 

Grams.  Gi'aiiis.  (Iratns.  drains. 

—1.4  1  —  8.8  +20.0  —  4.7 

—2.2  !  —13.7  +11.4  *—  7.3 

—1.1  —  6.0  -1-12.7  —  3.6 

+  .3  I  +1.9  i-  6.2  i    1.0 


(rr(i)ttx.  di'iins. 

424.7  ^32.2 

il8.7  ^24.5 

16.3  ;  21.3 

+  5.2  +6.8 


—4.4 
—1.1 


-27.5 
-  6.9 


[50.3 

M2.  6 


-14.6 

-  3.  6 


i  64.  9 
+  16.2 


,  84.8 
+21.2 


Date. 


Period. 


1898. 

Feb.   15-16 

16-17 

17-18 

18-19 


7  a.m.  to  7  a. m 

do 

do 

do 

TotaI,4da3's.-- 
Average,  1  day 


(i/) 


(iirniis. 
+  19.5 
+  3.7 
—33.9 
+  10.4 

—     .3 


(h) 


drains. 

—  .6 

—  .0 

+  .1 

—  1.9 


(i) 


.9+:" 


a 

^^ 

« 

1 

u 

u 

s 

T. 

o 

p-. 

bt 

R 

Grains. 
+  3.9 
+  2.9 

+  2.6 

i-     .8 

,10.2 
+  2.6 


(k) 


Grams. 
+-16.  2 
+  1.7 
—36.0 

-■-  9.5 

—  i<.(j 


il) 


drams. 

145  8 

+  15.3 

—324. 0 

85.  5 

-  77.4 

—  19.4 


112 


Table  87. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — 2JetaboUsm  experiment  No.  10. 


(a) 

(b) 

(0 

(m) 

(d) 

(«) 

(/) 

(9) 

(h) 

(t) 

1 

5 

i  + 

2  + 

cj  O     . 

+  0) 

«  S 

+  ® 

sa 

Date. 

o 

5  9 

CM 

O 

.2 

J 

o 

s 

"3    . 
•11 

heat  of  CO 
rotein  gaint 

-^1 

M.S  + 

-r-t    ^ 

a 

a? 

11    ■ 
2  T 

9 
O 

•3.2^ 

■^  -l-C     O 

Is  OS 

t4  1 

5  ^^ 

5  i?-* 

« 

S 

o 

® 

00 -t^  o 

iO-tSrt 

OB  fH  e 

^ 

®  o  ^- 

S)  o  -^ 

w 

w 

w 

w 

fH 

w 

f^ 

W 

W 

w 

1898. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Cato- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

OaZo- 

Calo. 

Per 

ries. 

rics. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

cent. 

Feb.  15-16,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m 

2,709 

127 

140 

7 

—  51 

+  303 

2,183 

2,221 

+38 

+1.7 

16-17,  7  a.  ni. 

to  7  a.  m 

2,  709 

127 

162 

7 

—  78 

+  230 

2,261 

2,312 

+51 

+2.3 

17-18,  7  a.  ni. 

to  7  a.  m 

2,  709 

127 

148 

9 

—  40 

+200 

2,265 

2,286 

+21 

+  .9 

18-19,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  ni 

2,709 

127 

139 

7 

+  11 

+  64 

2,361 

2,313 

—48 

—2.0 

Total  for 

4  days.. 

10,  836 

508 

589 

30 

—158 

+797 

9,070 

9,132 

+62 

+  .7 

AA-erage  1 

day 

2,709 

127 

147 

8 

—  40 

1 

+199 

2,268 

2,283 

■    +16 

-1-  .7 

The  average  daily  income  of  euergy  iii  this  experiment — i.  e.,  the 
estimated  heat  of  combus'tion  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body — 
averaged  2,268  calories  per  day;  and  the  outgo — i.  e.,  the  heat  given  off 
from  the  body  and  measured— amounted  to  2,283  calories.  The  meas- 
ured outgo  was  thus  1.8  per  cent  larger  than  the  theoretical  income. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  the  energy  of  income  and  of  outgo  were  practi- 
cally identical  Avith  those  in  the  preceding  experiment  (^o.  9).  Here,  as 
in  experiment  Xo.  7,  the  alcohol  was  almost  completely  oxidized.  The 
kinetic  energy  resulting  from  that  oxidation  agrees  very  closelj^  with 
the  i)otential  energy  of  the  same  amount  of  alcohol  as  measured  by  its 
heat  of  combustion  as  determined  by  the  bomb  calorimeter,  and  the 
alcohol  served  to  protect  body  protein  and  fat  from  oxidation. 

As  the  results  of  other  experiments  of  this  series  are  now  being  pre- 
pared for  i)ubli('ation,  the  discussion  of  those  here  described  is  reserved 
until  the  data  of  a  larger  number  can  be  included. 


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the  Librarian  in  charge.                                                                  ; 

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DATE  DUE 

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DATE   DUE 

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r 

p£$.^ 

i^   AlOVdO 

wt, 

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\ 

C2a(842)M50 

QP171 


At922 


Atwater 


Experiment 5   on  the   inetBiLolisin 


i'liiiiiiiiii'liiiii 


iiii 

ip'ill 

mm 


